1. June 1, 1999. 1 Morse Code, Semaphore & CD/SS™ Digital Wireless Communication Technology

2. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19992 C.E. Shannon’s Model of communication Source Encoding ModulationDemodulationDecodingChannel Noise Sender Receiver Transformation using a Coding Scheme A Priori Information on Coding method The Shannon Limit: maximum number of bits/sec = W log 2 (1 + S/N) Signal in Bits/secRecover Signal

3. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19993 Importance of Spectrum Spreading Capacity-maximizing Signal density functions P i (f) over available bandwidth W, as a function of frequency f, is the “filling” of the noise density function N(f), such as the situation under uniform gravity. Total volume of the liquid is proportional to the available transmitter power. Bandwidth N(f) P 3 (f) P 2 (f) P 1 (f) W Shannon’s water filling illustration

4. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19994 Telegraph & Semaphore.. The first form of digital wireless communication Morse Code: (26+10+..) alphabet of dots and dashes typically short, irregular length low bandwidth requirement binary amplitude yields a high noise margin, & high tolerance to phase, time & amplitude jitters poor error correction capability Semaphores: same idea low bandwidth channel long range, low cost many drawbacks

5. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19995 SATURN Wireless Modem Chip l Telegraphing l Framing l Protocol l Symbol to alphabet (PN) code translation l Recognition l Encryption l Error control l Network flow control

6. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19996 Telegraph with Color Filtering What is CD/SS™ ?..110100110111000111101011000111100010101.. 110 011 000 111 101 100 000 * Code Division/Spread Spectrum, or CD/SS is a registered trademark of Lanwave Technology, Inc.

7. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19997 Lanwave 1-bit DSP Core Benefits of Code Division Spread Spectrum (CD/SS™) l “Morse Code” modem - 8 symbol alphabet - Alphabet selection optimized by DSP criteria - >10dB processing gain for Part 15 compliance l 1-bit DSP allows non-linear RF design - Class C power amplifier - No automatic gain control - No I-Q mis-matching issues l Simplified timing reference - Independent clocks in each node

8. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19998 Implementation l Each symbol (alphabet) is assigned a 32- bit color code (8x32chip PN sequence) l Symbol boundary alignment - Search&Lock - programmable thresholds l Color separation - Minimum Hamming distance - parallel processing design l Framing, Error Protection, Encryption - TDD, Parity/BCH, (11,3)MRL Encryptor - programmable

9. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 19999 Bandwidth Efficiency frequency t Direct Sequence Spreading (DSS) Code Division/Spread Spectrum (CD/SS™) 1 0 0 111 010 001 green red blue frequency F(pn) F(/pn) ** F(pn) is the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the pseudo random code pn. Advantage over Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

10. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199910 Fast Synchronization frequency time Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Code Division/Spread Spectrum (CD/SS™) Advantage over Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum & FH/TDMA Sequence Broken Resync Black Out Long BLACK OUT (seconds) on FCC required FH PN sequences Dramatically increasing cost, as environment becomes noisy frequency Sequence Broken time

11. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199911 Code Overlapping frequency Code Division with Multiple Access (CDMA) Synchronous CD/SS ™ * (S-CD/SS™) frequency time Wide variations in TOA increase DSP complexity, reducing performance Synchronous CD/SS™ controls code overlap to fractions of chip time time Time of Arrival (TOA) varies from the lack of source timing synchronization * CD/SS Filtering of Secondary Color Code (mix of Primary Color). ** Technology in next generation Lanwave CD/SS™ processors only. Advantages over traditional CDMA

12. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199912 Framing for Flexible Protocol Data Encapsulation, Encryption, Error and Flow Control Preamble: 18 symbols of “000”. 54 bit time. UID/UST field18 symbols (Fully encrypted) UID:User definable ID field - 24 bit time. 22-bit user programmable. UST:Command & Status. 24-bit (3 bytes) per frame. CRC:6-bit Error detection code for the UID/UST subframe. Subframes:18 encrypted symbols Data:48 bits CRC:6-bit Preamble UID & USTSubframe 1Subframe 4Subframe 2Subframe 3 110 011 000 111 101 100 000..

13. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199913 Optimized for Voice Transmission Time Division Duplexing & Minimizing Acoustic Echo Transmit Frame Receive Frame 3ms 6ms handset receiver output telco line signal Transmit Frame Receive Frame Base Unit Handset Voice transmission delay = Receive frame (6 subframes) + G1 + G2 + Transmit preamble & control (2 subframes) = 4.313 ms G1G2

14. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199914 Telephone Benefits l Multiple handsets l Audio Noise Reduction l Frequency & Space Diversity l Advanced Power Management l Configurable Networking Architecture l Timers, CPU Clock Gen, Wakeup Monitor allowable by the SATURN chip architecture

15. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199915 Multiple Client Protocol Subgroups Star, Bus, Point-to-point, Point-to-multi point, Any-to-any hail (Page Mode) Individualized Extensions Intercom Base-line access, with 3-way conference Paging Ad-hoc networking Intercom initiation.. hail

16. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199916 Circuit and Packet Connections RJ-11 to PSTN with PCM to E1/T1, or RJ-45 to Internet with Voice over TCP/IP Huh ?..CSMA, isochronous, GAP-II, DECT, xDSL, I-Node, A-Node, U-plane, NDIS, SWAP, TAPI, 802.11, NWK, DLC, Q.931, TDMA, ISDN, ATM.. It simply means....your phone is now Internet friendly.

17. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199917 Diversity Antenna to counteract indoor Multipath Fading (Lanwave Technical note AN-7) l Fading results from reflection off walls, forming peaks and valleys from EM wave superimposition l Time, Space and Frequency varying, mobility dependent, forms non-stationary random processes l Calculation units provided in SATURN simplified antenna selection allowing for 4-bit MCU implementation. l Hardware synchronized switching control

18. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199918 Hybrid Hopping l Avoid frequency selective noise sources such as other cordless phones, microwave oven, home network l Smart hopping (with a-priori knowledge) using SATURN hardware assistance, PLL channel selection by MCU l With FCC 15.247 spreading requirement met, simplified hopping by using deterministic sequence, reducing resynchronization delay from jamming l Simple algorithm suitable for 4-bit MCU

19. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199919 Advanced Noise Reduction Quietcode Sticky Counter Search & Lock Dual Antenna Distance Sensing Power Control Conjugate Frequency Smart Channel Search Hybrid Hopping Hardware XXX XX Software X XXXX XXX XX XXX XX XXXXX Perception XXXXX X XX XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXX For detail see Lanwave Technical note AN-5, AN-6

20. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199920 Typical Cordless Telephones CPU 4-bit Receiver Mic 46/49MHz Single chip CT controller CPU 4-bit Receiver Mic LCD SATURN L9002VX CODEC RF circuit battery mgmt 46/49/900MHz Analog 900MHz/2.4GHz Digital Phone

21. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199921 Observations l Digital design is a science, RF is an art. l Analog problem sticks over time.. l Loops cost money, gates are free (almost). l Over doing DSP hurts power l Use link layer DSP for noise control l “ Its the multipath, stupid! ” l Testing dominate silicon cost eventually Wireless System Design for Consumer Electronics

22. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199922 This Picture Contains a “$” Sign

23. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199923 Filtering of your eye the Digital Filtering of Color, is CD/SS™ Technology Do you see the “$” sign? there is an “S”in yellow, an “N” in light gray. When viewing under a pure red filter, the blue and green turns to black, to review an arrow pointing NE at the one o’clock direction forming “$”.

24. LanwaveTechnology, Inc. © 199924 Lanwave Technology, Inc. Your Wireless Connection l Contact Lanwave (USA) for details Tel: (408)-253-3883, Fax: (408)-253-6630 l Local (Asia) representatives Japan distribution : Sanshin Electronics Tel: (81)-3-54847380 Taiwan: Tonsam Corporation Tel: (886)-2-2651-0011, Fax: (886)-2-2651-0033 Hong Kong & China: Dynax Telecom Ltd. Tel: (852)-2481-0223, Fax: (852)-2481-0826