1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 20 Western Europe High Middle Ages

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 The Holy Roman Empire ► Carolingian Empire declined; Otto I of Saxony began N. German kingdom, 10 th c. ► Military forays into eastern Europe ► entered Italy twice to aid Roman Catholic church ► Pope John XII named him Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 962 CE

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000-1250 C.E.

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Tensions between Emperors and the Church ► Investiture Contest, late 11 th -early 12 th centuries ► Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) tried to end practice of lay investiture ► Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV (1056- 1106 CE) ► German peoples took opportunity to rebel  Put down with difficulty

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE) ► Frederick I, “red beard” ► Attempted to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy) ► Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states ► Frederick forced to back down

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Regional Monarchies: France and England ► Capetian France  Hugh Capet succeeded last Carolingian Emperor, 987 CE  Slowly expanded authority out from Paris ► Normans in England  Descendants of Vikings, settled in France  Invaded England in 1066 under William the Conqueror  Dominated Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Italy ► ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities ► Pope ruled Papal State (mid-Italy) ► By 12 th century, city-states displaced north Italian church control ► Normans invaded south Italy, displaced Byzantine and Muslim leaders

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Iberian Peninsula ► Muslims ruled Iberian peninsula, 8 th -12 th centuries ► From 11 th century on, Christians fought to conquer Iberian Muslim territories ► Late 13 th century, Muslims remained only in Granada

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Growth of the Agricultural Economy ► Increasing development of arable lands  Reduced threat of invading nomads  Clearing of swamps, forests ► Improved agricultural techniques  Crop rotation  New crops, esp. beans  Horseshoes, horse collars (faster than oxen)

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 European Population Growth, 800- 1300 CE

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Population Growth in China ► Result of increased agricultural production ► Effective food distribution system  Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Revival of Towns and Trade ► increased food supply led to urbanization ► Specialization of labor  Textile production ► Mediterranean Trade  Italy well-positioned for sea trade  Italian colonies set up in major Mediterranean, Black sea ports

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Hanseatic League ► “Hansa,” association of trading cities ► Trade in Baltic and North seas  Poland, nothern German, Scandinavia

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Social Change ► The Three Estates  Those who pray: clergy  Those who fight: knights  Those who work: peasants ► Oversimplification of complex social reality

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Chivalry ► Code of conduct for nobles ► Sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among Christians ► Technically, knight to dedicate his efforts to promotion of Christianity  Protection of women

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Troubadors ► traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers ► Borrowed Islamic love poetry style ► Spread cultural ideas to Europe  Popular with aristocratic women  Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) ► Popularized idea of romantic love, refinement of European knights

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Independent Cities ► Additions to class of “those who work”  Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc. ► Awkward fit into 3-layer caste system ► By late 11 th century, towns demanded charters of integration, greater self- government

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Guilds ► Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans ► By 13 th century guilds controlled much of urban economy  Price and quality control  Membership ► Created social support network

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Urban Women ► New economic opportunities for women ► Dominated needle trade ► Represented in wide variety of trades ► In most guilds  Some for women only

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Cathedral Schools ► Early middle ages, Euro. society too unstable; few “colleges” ► Some elementary ed. at monasteries; a few scholars at courts ► High middle ages (1000-1300 CE) increasing wealth made ed. possible ► Cathedral schools ► Curriculum of Latin writings  Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Universities ► Academic guilds formed, 12 th century ► For both student and faculty ► Ed. standards raised ► Towns’ treatment of students a major concern

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The Influence of Aristotle ► Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts circulate in Europe ► Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other translations from Arabic translations ► St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) promoted Scholasticism  Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle  University of Paris

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Popular Religion ► Common people were unaffected by Scholasticism ► The Seven Sacraments gained popularity  Esp. Eucharist ► Devotion to Saints  Heavenly intercession, pilgrimages, veneration of relics ► The Virgin Mary

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Religious Movements ► Rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman Catholic Church ► Dominc (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182- 1226) create orders of mendicants  Vows of poverty ► Popular preachers ► Religious zealots, opposed to heretical movements

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Popular Heresy (southern France, northern Italy) ► Waldesians  Urged more lay control of preaching, sacraments ► The Cathars (Albigensians)  Influenced by religious movements in eastern Europe  Chastity, vegetarianism, poverty  Pope Innocent III nearly destroyed Cathar movement in 13 th century

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Medieval Expansion of Europe ► Atlantic and Baltic Colonization  Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean ► Iceland, Greenland, Vinland (Canada) ► Vinland settlements fail  Kings of Denmark nominally convert to Christianity; Sweden and Finland also

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Crusading Orders ► Religious Christians form military-religious orders  Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights ► Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism ► Founded churches and monasteries

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain ► Sicily taken by Muslims in 9 th century, reconquered by Normans in 11 th century  Slow displacement of Islam  Allowed cross-cultural sharing ► Two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest ► Become nucleus of reconquest, 1060s-1492 ► Rapid, forceful assertions of Christian authority

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 The Beginning of the Crusades ► Pope Urban II called for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 ► Salvation promised to casualties ► Rapid, enthusiastic response ► Peter the Hermit raises popular frenzy, mob destroyed on way to Jerusalem

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 The First Crusade ► 1096-1099 more organized expedition ► Captured Jerusalem (poor Muslim organization, faith & courage of Norman warrior leaders, bold actions despite Byzantine emperor’s hindrance ► Few reinforcements; couldn’t hold it ► Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptured Jerusalem in 1187

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 The Crusades

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Later Crusades and their Consequences ► Five crusades by mid-13 th century, none successful ► Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople, 1202-1204 ► Yet Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies, trade  Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production