1. Global Issues I Modernization

2. Billions of metric tons of Carbon consumed http://petrolog.typepad.com/climate_change/2010/01/cumulative-emissions-of-co2.html

3. CIS CIS Commonwealth of Independent States

4. Russia: 1900

5. 1917: Russian Revolution Nicholas II (the last tsar) Labor and land reform! Landless peasantsLandless peasants Factory workersFactory workers Rejection of elites (czar)Rejection of elites (czar)

6. Vladimir Lenin 1917-24 Czar Out; Commies In! Joseph Stalin 1924-53 Wanted to Modernize RussiaIndustrialized USSR

7. The Josef Stalin Era, 1924-53 Ruthless murderer of dissidents; purges of leadersRuthless murderer of dissidents; purges of leaders Millions and millions killedMillions and millions killed Stalin’s Economic Plan:Stalin’s Economic Plan: –Total state control –All power centralized in his hands –Wants to “modernize” (via industrialization) –Industrialized farms, too

8. Stalinist “State Socialism” Central planning of “Command Economy”Central planning of “Command Economy” Heavy industrialization to catch up to West Forced collectivization of private farmlands (created large industrial farms)

10. The Moscow Metro 1930: Stalin commissioned an underground subway system to be built Metro as functional propaganda piece Used as underground bunker in WWII

11. Moscow Metro Stations

13. Planned Cities Stalinization (“Steel”) = Industrialization Industrialization = Planned Cities All for HEAVY / DIRTY industries COUNTRYCITYPRODUCTYEAR BelarusNovopoloskPetrochemicals1958 BelarusSalihorsk Plastics1958 HungaryDunaújváros Metalworking1951 HungaryTiszaújváros Chemicals1955 LithuaniaElektrėnai Powerplant1961 PolandNowa HutaSteel1949 RussiaMagnitogorsk Steel1930 RussiaProtvinoParticle Accelerator1958 UkrainePripyatHousing: Nukes1970 UkraineSlavutych(Chernobyl)1988 UkraineSlavutych (Chernobyl) 1988

14. Magnitogorsk●

15. Bratsk, Russia

16. Bratsk

17. A little about Bratsk… 1961: Built a hydroelectric dam (largest in the world) to attract and power industry1961: Built a hydroelectric dam (largest in the world) to attract and power industry Bratsk Aluminum Smelter: largest producer of aluminum in the worldBratsk Aluminum Smelter: largest producer of aluminum in the world Consumes 75% of the power generated by the damConsumes 75% of the power generated by the dam

18. Lovely and Picturesque Bratsk… https://media.uwec.edu/VEMSWeb/VEMSHost.html?VBTemplate=Templates/VideoInfoTemplate.xml&contentID=854&shared=1

19. Q: For Bratsk: Environment or Jobs?

20. Aral Sea Once the 4th largest inland body of water in the world. CottonDams built for irrigation: Cotton Sea reduced to ~25% of 1960 volume, 4x salinity, fish were nearly wiped out As lake dries up, pollutants on seabed become airborne as dust, causing significant local health problems. Still extremely polluted today, but progress being made

21. The Shrinking Aral Sea A once prosperous fishing port (note the fish on the sign) is now 40 40 miles from the shoreline. Rivers diverted for irrigation

23. The Aral Sea in 1992 Old Shoreline 50 miles

24. Sailing the Aral Sea…

25. Top 10 Most Polluted Places on Earth 1.Chernobyl, Ukraine 2.Dzerzhinsk, Russia 3.Haina, Dominican Republic 4.Kabwe, Zambia 5.La Oroya, Peru 6.Linfen, China 7.Maiuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan 8.Norilsk, Russia 9.Ranipet, India 10.Rudnaya Pristan / Dalnegorsk, Russia (Blacksmith Institute, 2007)

27. 1986: Chernobyl (USSR) Worst nuclear disaster in history (minus WWII) Legacy still very much alive Birth defects, shorter lives, environmental contamination Still radioactive Who’s responsible: then…and now?

28. Average Life Expectancy 75 to 90 71 to 74 65 to 70 54 to 64 30 to 53

29. Thoughts on Russia… Was Stalinization worth it for the USSR?Was Stalinization worth it for the USSR? If not, then they would be better off without industrialization?If not, then they would be better off without industrialization? If so, why not do it again to provide jobs for everyone since the poverty rates of many former Communist countries are so high?If so, why not do it again to provide jobs for everyone since the poverty rates of many former Communist countries are so high?

30. Who is Industrializing in Similar Way, Today?China

32. The polluters… COUNTRYGlobal %Ton CO 2 pc Pop % 1.China24.7% 6.2018.6% 2.U.S.16.2%17.56 4.3% 3.E.U. 11.0% 7.45 7.0% 4.India 6.0% 1.6716.9% 5.Russia 5.1%12.26 1.9% 6.Brazil 4.2% 2.15 2.8% 7.Japan 3.5% 9.19 1.7% 8.South Korea 1.7%11.49 0.7% 9.Canada 1.5%14.68 0.5% 10.Saudi Arabia 1.4%17.04 0.4% Source: World Bank, 2012

33. Global CO 2 Emissions

34. Global CO 2 Emissions per capita

35. Kyoto Protocol First adopted in 1997 Goal: A set of global standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over time Every country supports it…minus 4: Andorra, South Sudan, U.S., Canada Ended in 2012 Doha Amendment: Europe wants to reduce their emissions even further Still a work-in-progress

36. Who Ratified it? And Who Didn’t?

37. November, 2013: United Nations Climate Change Conference Held in Warsaw, Poland Includes both Global North and South countries –No more than 2°C increase –$ and technology for poor countries who feel effects of climate change more than Global North –Walkout of 132 countries of Global South protesting losses and damage caused by Global North –Global North must reduce emissions by 2015

39. Will the Core Countries Change? Should they change? And who would bring about this change? What is (y)our role in this situation? RankCompanyRevenuesIndustry 1Wal-Mart Stores$469.2BMass Merchants 2Exxon Mobil420.7Integrated Oils 3Chevron222.6Integrated Oils 4Phillips 66166.1Oil Refining & Marketing 5Berkshire Hathaway162.5 Property & Casualty Insurance 6Apple156.5 Communications Equipment 7General Motors152.3Automobile OEM 8General Electric144.8 Power Generation Equipment 9Valero Energy138.3Oil Refining & Marketing 10Ford Motor134.3Automobile OEM Top 10 Companies in the United States by Revenue (2012) http://www.bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst//top-20-by-revenue-in-u-dot-s- companies