1. 14.4 Workers of the Nation Unite
Part 2 – Impact of Industrialization

2. Context The Age of Monopolies, Trusts, and Big Labor
Industrialization radically transformed the condition of American working people, but workers failed to develop effective labor organizations to match the corporate forms of business.

3. Experience What do you think of unions?
Have you ever signed a petition?
Do you work now?
Do you think you are treated fairly?
Do you want to change your working conditions?
How would your boss/employer respond?

4. Impact of Industrialization
Urbanization
Long Work Hours and Dangerous Jobs
Children work too
Women’s roles change
Delayed marriages
Smaller families
Accentuated class division
1900: 1/10 of US owns 9/10 of US’s wealth
1900: 2/3 of Americans are “wage slaves”
Workers’ lives increasingly precarious

6. Women telephone workers, Roanoke, Virginia
As this telephone office in Roanoke, Virginia, reveals, women office employees usually worked under the direct supervision of male managers. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Child worker, glass factory
Child labor was common in the factories of 19th century America. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. Children in textile mills
Much of the new southern textile industry was based on child labor. These children were photographed by Lewis Hines in (National Archives/ Lewis Hines)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. Changes in the national economy in late-nineteenth century America resulted in
A lower standard of living for most
A decline in agriculture relative to manufacturing
No significant changes in marriage patterns or family life.
Sharper class distinctions

10. Rise of Big Labor
Increasing economic change  social & economic disruption in workers’ lives
Big Business doesn’t fight fair
Pools wealth to hire lawyers & scabs
“lockouts,” “yellow dog contracts,” blacklists”
“company towns”
National Labor Union – 1866

11. http://memory. loc. gov/cgi-bin/query/r
PREAMBLE AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR
TO THE PUBLIC:
The alarming development and aggressiveness of great capitalists and corporations, unless checked, will inevitably lead to the pauperization and hopeless degradation of the toiling masses.
It is imperative, if we desire to enjoy the full blessings of life, that a check be placed upon unjust accumulation, and the power for evil of aggregated wealth.
This much-desired object can be accomplished only by the united efforts of those who obey the divine injunction, "In the sweat of they face shalt thou eat bread."
Therefore we have formed the Order of Knights of Labor, for the purpose of organizing and directing the power of the industrial masses, not as a political party, for it is more - … But no one shall, however, be compelled to vote with the majority, and calling upon all who believe in securing "the greatest good to the greatest number," to join and assist us, we declare to the world that are our aims are:

12. Knights of Labor Collective effort needed to counter trusts
Founded as a secret society in Why?
Led by Terence Powderly, Irish, utopian
Inclusive and Diverse:
men and women
white and black
skilled and unskilled
Broad (utopian? Socialist?) goals
HURT by Haymarket Square riot, 1886, Chicago

13. Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor
Black delegate Frank J. Farrell introduces Terence V. Powderly, head of the Knights of Labor, at the organization's 1886 convention. The Knights were unusual in accepting both black and female workers. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. Management and Labor
Management and Labor
This cartoon, from Puck, April 7, 1886, shows Terence Powderly, in the center, advocating the position of the Knights of Labor on arbitration. The Knights urged that labor and management (identified here as "capital") should settle their differences this way, rather than by striking. Note how the cartoonist has depicted labor and management as of equal size, and given both of them a large weapon; management's club is labeled "monopoly" and labor's hammer is called "strikes." In fact, labor and management were rarely equally matched when it came to labor disputes in the late nineteenth century. (Puck, April 7, 1886)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. American Federation of Labor
Skilled workers split from Knights of Labor 1886
AF of L was elitist, narrow in goals – not utopian
Led by Samuel Gompers used collective bargaining
Avoided politics and focused on union goals:
Better wages
Eight-hour day
Better working conditions
AF of L successful in many of its strikes and in meeting many of its goals

16. The Knights of Labor were weakened by
Its refusal to endorse social reform and the 8 hour day
Stiff competition from the National Labor Union
Its association in the public mind with the Haymarket riot
Its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers

18. SOCIALISM AND THE IWW
Eugene V. Debs founds American Railway Union and opens it to all laborers
Debs embraces socialism –belief that government should control business and wealth should be equally distributed
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) AKA Wobblies, organized by Debs for unskilled workers, socialist goals.

19. Key Players in the Labor Movement
Mother Jones and Pres. Calvin Coolidge
-helped reform Child Labor
Eugene V. Debs
- Socialist, leader of Pullman Strike, later leads IWW (Intl. Workers of the World)

22. STRIKES HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892 GREAT STRIKE OF 1877 HAYMARKET AFFAIR
1886
PULLMAN STRIKE
1893

23. STRIKES HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892 STEEL STRIKE Protest work & living
conditions
Pinkerton
Detectives
protect scabs,
Several deaths
US troops end it
WEAKENS
LABOR
GREAT STRIKE
OF 1877
Railroad strike
Paralyzed rail
& commerce
Pres. Hayes
Sent US troops
to end it
CHINESE
EXCLUSION ACT
HAYMARKET
AFFAIR
1886
Labor march
Bomb thrown
Several deaths
8 Anarchists
arrested
4 hanged,
1 suicide
PUBLIC TURNS
AGAINST
LABOR
PULLMAN STRIKE
1893
Pullman Comp.
cuts wages
during Panic
of 1893
Does not raise
after ends
Workers strike
US troops end it
Debs arrested
Workers
Blacklisted
LABOR WEAK

24. Railroad strike of 1877
Railroad strike of 1877
This engraving depicts striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virginia, as they stop a freight train on July 17, 1877, in the opening days of the great railway strike of that year. Engravings such as this, which show the strikers to be heavily armed, may or may not have been accurate depictions of events. But the photography of that day could rarely capture live action, and the technology of the day could not reproduce photographs in newspapers, so the public's understanding of events such as the 1877 strike was formed through artists' depictions. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

25. The Baltimore Railroad Strike & Riot of 1877

26. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
Compare and Contrast Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan
Compare and Contrast the Labor Movement and the Populist Movement.
What were the Populists’ goals and why did they fail?
What were the causes and effects of industrialization?