3. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

4. The Changing American Labor Force

5. Child Labor

7. “Galley Labor”

8. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

9. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  court injunctions  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  organized strikes

10. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

11. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

12. Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

13. Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

14. Goals of the Knights of Labor ù Eight-hour workday. ù Workers’ cooperatives. ù Worker-owned factories. ù Abolition of child and prison labor. ù Increased circulation of greenbacks. ù Equal pay for men and women. ù Safety codes in the workplace. ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor. ù Abolition of the National Bank.

15. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

16. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strikes in the nation's history.The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strikes in the nation's history. The Pennsylvania Railroad, the nation's largest, cut wages by 10 percent and then, in June, by another 10 percent. Other railroads followed suit.The Pennsylvania Railroad, the nation's largest, cut wages by 10 percent and then, in June, by another 10 percent. Other railroads followed suit. The strikes and the violence it spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic.The strikes and the violence it spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic.

17. The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

18. Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

19. 40,000 Chicago workers struck against McCormick Harvesting Company on May 1 st, wanted an eight-hour workday.40,000 Chicago workers struck against McCormick Harvesting Company on May 1 st, wanted an eight-hour workday. anarchists and political radicals involvedanarchists and political radicals involved May 3 rd, confrontation between police and the strikers that left two strikers dead.May 3 rd, confrontation between police and the strikers that left two strikers dead. The next day (May 4 th ) a meeting was to be held at Chicago’s Haymarket Square. It was peaceful and small, but as the rally began to break up nearly 200 police arrived and a bomb exploded in their midst. The police responded with gunfire and when the smoke cleared, 70 officers lay wounded. Seven were killed and one civilian died.The next day (May 4 th ) a meeting was to be held at Chicago’s Haymarket Square. It was peaceful and small, but as the rally began to break up nearly 200 police arrived and a bomb exploded in their midst. The police responded with gunfire and when the smoke cleared, 70 officers lay wounded. Seven were killed and one civilian died. Eight anarchists were charged with the bombing. They were found guilty of incitement to murder and four were hanged.Eight anarchists were charged with the bombing. They were found guilty of incitement to murder and four were hanged.

20. Haymarket Martyrs

21. Governor John Peter Altgeld

22. The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

23. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers ù Catered to the skilled worker. ù Represented workers in matters of national legislation. ù Maintained a national strike fund. ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. ù Mediated disputes between management and labor.  Pushed for closed shops.  Pushed for closed shops. union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed union security agreementunion

24. Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

25. 1892, a strike at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Works, protested wage cuts. The mangers instituted a lockout and hired 300 guards to protect plant. There was a violent clash and 16 people were killed.1892, a strike at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Works, protested wage cuts. The mangers instituted a lockout and hired 300 guards to protect plant. There was a violent clash and 16 people were killed.

26. Big Corporate Profits!

27. A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

28. The Pullman Strike of 1894

29. George Pullman’s sleeping-car factory and company town outside Chicago (south side), wages were cut, but he didn’t lower rent or cost of goods in company store. George Pullman’s sleeping-car factory and company town outside Chicago (south side), wages were cut, but he didn’t lower rent or cost of goods in company store. Eugene V. Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW),Eugene V. Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW),union Industrial Workers of the Worldunion Industrial Workers of the World - Eugene V. Debs, head of American Railway Union, supported Pullman workers and urged union members to refuse to work or ride in Pullman cars. This brought rail traffic to a near halt. The rail companies asked federal government to step in (since it was interfering with interstate commerce and delivery of mail). - Eugene V. Debs, head of American Railway Union, supported Pullman workers and urged union members to refuse to work or ride in Pullman cars. This brought rail traffic to a near halt. The rail companies asked federal government to step in (since it was interfering with interstate commerce and delivery of mail). - The government ordered the strikers to stop, but Debs and the ARU didn’t. The government jailed them and President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops to break up strike and force everyone back to work or be fired. - The government ordered the strikers to stop, but Debs and the ARU didn’t. The government jailed them and President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops to break up strike and force everyone back to work or be fired.

30. President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

31. The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

32. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

33. IWW membership does not require that one work in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union.IWW membership does not require that one work in a represented workplace, nor does it exclude membership in another labor union. The IWW contends that all workers should be united as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.The IWW contends that all workers should be united as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.wage

34. “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW  Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

35. I W W & the Internationale

36. The Hand That Will Rule the World  One Big Union

37. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898.  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

38. The “Bread & Roses” Strike DEMANDS: ù15¢/hr. wage increase. ùDouble pay for overtime. ùNo discrimination against strikers. ùAn end to “speed-up” on the assembly line. ùAn end to discrimination against foreign immigrant workers. Lawrence Textile Strike was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World. Prompted by one mill owner's decision to lower wages when a new law shortening the workweek went into effect in January, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers at nearly every mill within a week. LawrenceMassachusettsIndustrial Workers of the World

39. Labor Union Membership

40. “Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915) When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

42. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (March 25, 1911)

43. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was the largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died in the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry.The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was the largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died in the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry.New York CityMarch 251911industrial disastergarment workersfire International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union sweatshopNew York CityMarch 251911industrial disastergarment workersfire International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union sweatshop

44. The conditions of the factory were typical of the time. Flammable textiles were stored throughout the factory, scraps of fabric littered the floors, patterns and designs on sheets of tissue paper hung above the tables, smoking was common, illumination was provided by open gas lighting, and there were no fire extinguishers.The conditions of the factory were typical of the time. Flammable textiles were stored throughout the factory, scraps of fabric littered the floors, patterns and designs on sheets of tissue paper hung above the tables, smoking was common, illumination was provided by open gas lighting, and there were no fire extinguishers.Flammable textiles smoking gas lightingFlammable textiles smoking gas lighting

45. In the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire began on the eighth floor, possibly sparked by a lighted match or a cigarette. A New York Times article also theorized that the fire may have been started by the engines running the sewing machines in the building. To this day, no one knows whether it was accidental or intentional. Most of the workers who were alerted on the tenth and eighth floors were able to evacuate. However the warning about the fire did not reach the ninth floor in time. March 251911March 251911

46. The ninth floor had only two doors leading out. One stairwell was already filling with smoke and flames by the time the seamstresses realized the building was ablaze. The other door had been locked, ostensibly to prevent workers from stealing materials or taking breaks and to keep out union organizers.The ninth floor had only two doors leading out. One stairwell was already filling with smoke and flames by the time the seamstresses realized the building was ablaze. The other door had been locked, ostensibly to prevent workers from stealing materials or taking breaks and to keep out union organizers. seamstresses

47. The single exterior fire escape, a flimsy, poorly-anchored iron structure, soon twisted and collapsed under the weight of people trying to escape. The elevator also stopped working, cutting off that means of escape, partly because the panicked workers tried to save themselves by jumping down the shaft to land on the roof of the elevator.The single exterior fire escape, a flimsy, poorly-anchored iron structure, soon twisted and collapsed under the weight of people trying to escape. The elevator also stopped working, cutting off that means of escape, partly because the panicked workers tried to save themselves by jumping down the shaft to land on the roof of the elevator.fire escape elevatorfire escape elevator

48. Cartoon point out the corruption inherent in the inspection of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory by city officials.

49. Picture taken soon after fire was extinguished on ninth floor.

53. Workers Benefits Today