1. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik

2. ACCIDENT An unexpected, unplanned occurrence which may cause injuries, deaths etc Unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable damage or in sequence of events which usually produces unintended injuries, deaths or property damage.

3. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Accidents Kills and maim people Destruction / destroy families Devastate communities Irreparable harm to societies Great and instantaneous loss of life Wide spread public reaction and sorrow Injured survivors suffer life long disabilities Financial ruin

4. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Types of Accident Road traffic accidents Domestic accidents –Drowning, burns, Poisoning, Falls –Injuries from sharp instruments –Bites and injuries from animals Industrial accidents Railway accidents violences

5. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DISASTER Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from out side the affected community or area.

6. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DISASTER Sudden extraordinary calamity or catastrophy that affects or threatens life. –Affects health and well being of people –Large no. of people are displaced, killed, injured and at risk of epidemic.

7. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DISASTER A sudden & great misfortune. A situation arising from the event where disruption is of great magnitude in: –Life – human, animal and plant –Life supporting system ( water, Air, food).

8. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disaster An ecological disruption exceeding the adjustment capacity of the affected community. An act of nature of such a magnitude that creates a catastrophic situation in which day to day pattern of life is suddenly disrupted and people are plunged into helplessness and sufferings.

9. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disaster The damage is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate and the type of the earth surface/degree of vulnerability. Influences the mental, socio- economic, political and cultural state of the affected area.

10. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disaster Completely disrupts the day to day life Negatively influences the emergency systems Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and deteriorated.

11. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Major cause of premature deaths Impair health status of the people Diminish quality of life, homelessness, loss of jobs Environmental changes – more premature mortality, morbidity and poor quality of life. Emotional stress Epidemics and increase in indigenous diseases Damages to physical structures, roads, bridges, railways Food scarcity Population movements / migration Water purification and disposal system destruction Enhance vector productions

12. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Major natural disasters: FloodsCyclonesDroughtEarthquakes Minor natural disasters: Cold wave Thunderstorms Heat waves Mud slides Storms

13. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Man-made hazards Man-made hazards Disasters having an element of human intent, negligence, error or the ones involving the failure of a system: Man-made hazards are in turn categorized as technological or sociological. Man-made hazards are in turn categorized as technological or sociological. Technological hazards are results of failure of technology, such as engineering failures, transport accidents or environmental disasters. Sociological hazards have a strong human motive, such as crimes, suicidal attacks, riots and war.

14. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Major manmade disasters: Setting of fires,Epidemics DeforestationChemical pollution Pollution due to cultivationWars Minor manmade disaster: Road / train accidents, riots Food poisoning Industrial disasters / crisis Environmental pollution

15. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Climatological Disasters: –More frequent, e.g. Floods, storms Geological disasters: –Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Tsunami ASIA is more prone to natural disasters 1 disaster in USA, Europe, Australia 10 in Latin America 15 in Asia

16. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik TYPES OF DISASTERS Natural disasters –Earthquakes, floods, storms, droughts, cyclones, landslides, tsunami Man made disasters –Violence, terrorism, accidents, dam collapse, –Fires, food poisonings etc. –Bhopal, India- pesticide plant release of chemical- methyl isocyanate Man made disasters are caused by human activities

17. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Sudden onset: human factors are involved –Bhopal tragedy –Chernobyl nuclear power plant –Liquid gas tank explosion in Mexico city Insidious and continuous disasters –Leakage of toxic chemical from a dump site –Tainting of soil with dioxin in oils spray on roads –Leakage of radioactive material from nuclear weapons production facilities

18. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Long term and continuing: –Global warming –Wars –Civil conflicts –Droughts 1990s international decade for natural disasters reduction by UN

19. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Disasters Climatological disasters Geological disasters Catastrophic events: –Fires, explosions, crashes, spills with release of toxic chemicals, Sudden chemical exposures: –Italy 1976- explosion in chemical plant –Bhopal tragedy –Switzerland 1985-release of pesticide into the river Sudden radiation exposures Droughts and famines Wars and civil conflicts

20. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Meteorological Disasters Storms –Hurricanes –Cyclones Cold spells Heat waves DroughtSmog

21. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Topological Disasters FloodsAvalanchesLandslides

22. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Tectonic and Telluric disasters Earth quacks Volcano eruptions

23. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Accidents Failure of structures –Dams, tunnels, mine explosions, fires –Collisions, shipwrecks, train crashes –Poison entering water supply

24. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Atomic explosions Sudden onset Serious and immediate threats

25. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Wars and conflicts 475 wars with >100 M deaths since 1700 90% in 20 th century After world war II, 135 wars with 22 M deaths 1987 - 27 wars were underway with 24,77,000 deaths and 85% were civilians Chemical weapons Biological weapons

26. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Wars and conflicts One hour’s world spending on arms = 20 year effort to eradicate small pox 2 hour’s cost = WHO total budget Half day cost = full immunization of all children against common diseases 4 days cost = 5 year program to control malaria 3 weeks cost = PHC for every child including safe water supply and immunization 6 months cost = 10 year program providing health needs and food in developing countries

27. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Wars and conflicts FamineMalnutrition Exposure to epidemic diseases Environmental contamination Social, political and military problems Chemical & biological weapons

28. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Natural disasters Floods: –China -1969 –Northern Italy -1985 – Bolivia and Colombia – 1986 –Bangladesh – 1991 Storms: –Caribbean – hurricanes –Cyclones – Indian ocean –Pacific – typhoons –Philippines –USA tornadoes –Tsunami Indonesia 2005 –Katrina in USA 2005

29. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Natural disasters Geological earth quacks –China 1976 –Mexico city 1985 –Chile, Philippine 1987 –Ecuador, Armenia1988 –San Francisco1989 –Pakistan 2005

30. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Man made disasters Sudden explosions –Butane storage facility – Mexico – 1984 –Texas petrochemical plant - 1989 –Ojhri camp in Rawalpindi- 1990 Fires –Las Vegashotel1980 –Brazil shanty town1984 –California oil refinery1989 –Oil refineryKuwait1990 –Iraq Iran War –Haji camp MINA - MECCA1997

31. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Man made disasters Crashes –Japan airliner 1985 –Lockerbie Scotland1989 Chemical exposure: –Italy Dioxin 1976 –Bhopal India 1984 –Switzerland pesticides1987 Spills –Alaska, Texas, Karachi, Gulf

32. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Fire

33. Tsunami

34. Earthquake

35. Volcano

36. Volcano

38. Earth quack

39. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Earth quack

40. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Earth quack

41. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik

42. Disaster planning & Management Plan: a blue print for taking action –Program: is a sequence of activities designed to implement policies and accomplish objectives. –Program gives step by step approach to guide the action necessary to reach predetermined goals. –Program must be closely related with objectives

43. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Schedule It is a time sequence for the work to be done. PROCEDURES –Are a set of rules for carrying out work which help to ensure the maximum use of the resources and efforts. POLICIES: –Are guiding principles stated as expectations

44. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Pre-planning Preparation for planning Government interest Legislation Organization for planning Administrative capacity –For coordination of activities and implementation of the plan at all levels.

45. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Planning cycle A process of analyzing a system, defining the problems, situational analysis, formulating goals and objectives to alleviate needs, initiating a necessary action for its implementation and monitoring the system to ensure proper implementation of plan in the light of stated objectives. Planning must take into considerations the problems, feasibility, SES attitude, political values, resources and capacity profiles of the health system and Govt. machinery

46. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Planning cycle Situational analysis Establishment of objectives Assessment of resources Fixing priorities Design alternative programme Selection of best programme –Feasibility, cost effectiveness. Plan implementation and execution –Selection, training, defining roles and tasks, motivation and supervision, organization and communication and efficiency of institutions like hospitals.

47. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Analysis of situation Collection, assessment and interpretation of information – picture of health situation –Population,age and sex structure –Morbidity and mortality data –Epid. and distribution of different diseases –Medical care facilities –Man power available –Attitude and beliefs of the population.

48. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DISASTER MANAGEMENT P – Planning –To meet health needs and demand of people –economic utilization of resources –Fixation of priorities O – Organizing S – Staffing D – Directing and motivating CO – coordinating R – Reporting B – budgeting E- Evaluation periodically D- Development - enhancement

49. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Surveillance cycle Rescue of victims Provision of emergency medical care Evacuation of population Elimination of physical dangers Provision of preventive and routine medical care Provision of food, safe water, clothing, shelter, Disposal of human bodies, wastes Control of vector borne diseases

50. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Aims & objectives Disas. Manag Promptly resuscitate and transport the injured to appropriate health facility Triage and coding of patients Protection of life, property & environment Reduction of vulnerability & protection of the society.

51. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Functions of health team First aid Emergency care Ambulatory care Patient referral Members of a health team: –Carefully selected –Aware of their responsibilities –Capable of assembling quickly –Be able to get help from local community –Proper training and rehearsal –A leader to supervise all activities, present in control station

52. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Response to disaster Search, rescue and first aid –Proper care of casualties Field care: –Bed availability, surgical services, –Provision of food, shelter –Identification of victims and mortuary space –Inquiry office to respond inquiries Triage –No principle of first come, first treated is followed in mass emergencies. –Priority is granted to victims whose prognosis can be affected by simple intensive care.

53. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Triage Magnitude of disaster and available resources should be known Very critical ill patients: little chance to survive – no care Slightly injured patients may have to wait for a considerable time Triage team must not involve in treatment of patients

54. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Hospital triage Arrival of patients to the hospital Diagnostics like X-ray, Blood bank Operation theaters Emergency supplies –Resuscitation kit –Drug kit –Dressing kit –Fluid kit Identification tags, coverings with sheets, Mortuary.

55. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik During floods Drink boiled water. Keep your food covered, don’t take heavy meals. Use raw tea, rice-water, tender coconut- water, etc. during diarrhoea; use ORS and treatment. Do not let children remain on empty stomach. Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surroundings. Help the officials/volunteers distributing relief materials.

56. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik High-Rise Fires Calmly leave the apartment, closing the door behind you. Remember the keys! Pull the fire alarm near the closest exit, if available, or raise an alarm by warning others. Leave the building by the stairs. Never take the elevator during fire! Never take the elevator during fire!

57. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik If the exit is blocked by smoke or fire: Leave the door closed but do not lock it. To keep the smoke out, put a wet towel in the space at the bottom of the door. Call the emergency fire service number and tell them your apartment number and let them know you are trapped by smoke and fire. It is important that you listen and do what they tell you. Stay calm and wait for someone to rescue you.