1. EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDE TORNADO CYCLONE VALCANIC ERUPTION FLOOD HURRICANE

2.  1846 Taupō landslide  On 7 May a massive landslide on the shores of Lake Taupō overwhelmed the kāinga (Māori village) of Te Rapa, killing around 60 people, including Ngāti Tūwharetoa leader Mananui Te Heuheu Tūkino II.  1855 Wairarapa earthquake  On 23 January a magnitude 8.2 earthquake struck the lower North Island. It killed between five and nine people in Wellington, Manawatū and Wairarapa and radically altered the landscape of the Wellington region

3.  1863 HMS Orpheus shipwreck  On 7 February the Royal Navy steam corvette HMS Orpheus, carrying British troops, foundered at the entrance to Auckland’s Manukau Harbour. Of the 259 men on board, 189 died in the worst maritime disaster in New Zealand waters. Find out more about the Orpheus disaster  1865 Fiery Star shipwreck  On 11 May the sailing ship Fiery Star caught fire and sank south of Cuvier Island, off the Coromandel Peninsula, with the loss of 79 lives

4.  1865 City of Dunedin shipwreck  Leaving Wellington on 20 May, the paddle steamer City of Dunedin and its 39 passengers and crew disappeared without trace. The ship is presumed to have foundered in Cook Strait.  1866 General Grant shipwreck  On 14 May the sailing ship General Grant was wrecked in the Auckland Islands, south of New Zealand, with the loss of (ultimately) 73 lives. Ten survivors were finally rescued 18 months later

5. 1868 Great storm  On 3/4 February a violent storm swept across much of the country, wrecking 12 ships – including the Star of Tasmania and Water Nymph at Oamaru – and causing flash floods. At least 25 lives were lost.  1874 Cospatrick shipwreck  On the night of 17/18 November the emigrant ship Cospatrick, sailing from England to Auckland, was destroyed by fire off the Cape of Good Hope. Of the 473 people on board, only three survived. Although this tragedy occurred far from New Zealand, the burning of the Cospatrick could be considered this country’s worst civilian disaster

6.  1879 Kaitangata mine accident  On 21 February, 34 miners were killed in an explosion at the Kaitangata coal mine in Otago.  1881 Tararua shipwreck  On 29 April the steamer Tararua was wrecked off Waipapa Point, Southland. Of the 151 passengers and crew on board, 131 were lost in the worst civilian shipwreck in New Zealand waters.

7.  1882 Timaru harbour tragedy  On 14 May a sudden storm wrecked two large sailing ships, the City of Perth and Ben Venue, in Timaru’s exposed roadstead. Nine lives were lost. Among the dead were the port’s harbourmaster and five local watermen, who had tried to rescue the ships’ crews.  1886 Taiaroa shipwreck  On 11 April the steamer Taiaroa struck rocks near the mouth of the Clarence River, north of Kaikōura, and sank with the loss of 34 lives.

8.  1886 Tarawera eruption  On 10 June the volcanic Mt Tarawera, south-east of Rotorua, erupted spectacularly, killing perhaps 120 people and burying the famed Pink and White Terraces on Lake Rotomahana. Find out more on this site, Te Ara and The story of Tarawera.  1894 Wairarapa shipwreck  On 29 October, in a heavy fog, the liner Wairarapa steamed into cliffs on Great Barrier Island, with the loss of 121 of its 235 passengers and crew.

9.  1896 Brunner mine accident  On 26 March an explosion at Brunner, West Coast, killed 65 coal miners in New Zealand’s worst mining disaster. Find out about this and other mining accidents on Te Ara.  1902 Loch Long shipwreck  In late May the three-mas1902 Elingamite shipwreck  lifested sailing ship the Loch Long was wrecked off the Chatham Islands, with the loss of 24 lives.  1902 Elingamite shipwreck  On 9 November the steamer Elingamite was wrecked on the Three Kings Islands, north of Cape Rēinga, with the loss of 45 lives

10.  1909 Penguin shipwreck  On 12 February the Cook Strait ferry Penguin struck rocks off Cape Terawhiti and sank with the loss of 72 lives. Find out more.  1914 Huntley mine accident  On 12 September 43 coal miners were killed in an explosion at Ralph’s Mine, Waikato.  1923 Ongarue railway accident  On 6 July the North Island main trunk express slammed into a huge landslide at Ongarue, north of Taumarunui. With 17 deaths, this was the first major loss of life on New Zealand’s railways

11.  1926 Dobson mine accident  On 3 December an explosion at the Dobson coal mine on the West Coast killed nine miners.  1929 Murchison earthquake  On 17 June an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale struck the north of the South Island, killing 17 people. The shock was felt throughout New Zealand but centred on the Murchison area, where it caused massive landslides. Find out more on Te Ara.  1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake  On 3 February New Zealand’s deadliest earthquake, measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, devastated much of Napier and Hastings. The official death toll was 256, but 258 is likely to be a more accurate figure

12.  1938 Kōpuawhara flood  On 19 February a flash flood swept away a Public Works railway construction camp at Kōpuawhara on the East Coast, killing 21 workers. Find out more.  1939 Huntley mine accident  On 24 September 11 men were asphyxiated by carbon monoxide at the Glen Afton coal mine, Huntley.  1942 Seacliff Mental Hospital fire  On 9 December a fire at Seacliff Mental Hospital, north of Dunedin, killed 37 of the 39 female patients in Ward 5.

13.  1943 Hyde railway accident  On 4 June the Cromwell–Dunedin express derailed near Hyde, Central Otago, with the loss of 21 lives. Find out more  1947 Ballantyne’s fire  On 18 November 41 people were killed in New Zealand’s deadliest fire, in the Ballantyne’s Department Store in Christchurch. Find out more.  1948 Mt Ruapehu air crash  On 23 October a Lockheed Electra airliner crashed near Mt Ruapehu, with the loss of all 13 passengers and crew. Find out more.

14.  1950 Ranui shipwreck  On 28 December the passenger launch Ranui, returning from a holiday trip to Mayor Island, was wrecked on North Rock, Mt Maunganui. Of the 23 people on board, only one survived.  1951 Wellington to Lyttelton yacht race  On 23 January 20 yachts left Wellington bound for Lyttelton in an ocean yacht race to celebrate Canterbury’s centenary. Following a severe southerly storm only one yacht officially finished the race. Two others were lost along with their 10 crew members. Find out more.  1953 Tangiwai railway accident  On 24 December a North Island main trunk express plunged off the Tangiwai bridge into the Whangaehu River. The bridge had been fatally weakened by a lahar from Mt Ruapehu’s crater lake. Of the 285 people on board, 151 were killed. This is New Zealand’s worst rail disaster. See Tangiwai disaster for more information

15.  1959 Holmglen shipwreck  On 24 November the coaster Holmglen foundered north of Oamaru. All 15 crew were lost. Find out more.  1963 Northland bus crash  Fifteen people were killed in New Zealand’s worst bus accident. A party was returning from Waitangi Day celebrations when shortly after lunchtime on 7 February the bus failed to take a bend as it descended Pilbrow Hill, in the Brynderwyn Hills, south of Whāngārei.  1963 Kaimai air crash  On 3 July a DC-3 airliner crashed in the Kaimai Range, Bay of Plenty. All 23 passengers and crew were killed in what remains the worst air crash within New Zealand.

16.  1966 Kaitawa shipwreck  On 23 May near Cape Rēinga the collier Kaitawa was lost with all 29 hands.  1967 Strongman mine accident  On 19 January an explosion at the Strongman coal mine, near Greymouth, killed 19 miners.  1968 Wahine shipwreck  On 10 April the Lyttelton– Wellington ferry Wahine struck Barrett Reef at the entrance to Wellington Harbour in atrocious conditions caused by tropical cyclone Giselle. Of the 734 passengers and crew on board, 51 died (a 52nd victim died several weeks later, and a 53rd of related causes in 1990).

17.  1968 Inangahua earthquake  On 24 May an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale struck the Inangahua area on the West Coast. Three people were killed.  1979 Mt Erebus air crash  On 28 November an Air New Zealand DC-10 airliner, on a sightseeing flight to Antarctica, crashed into Mt Erebus. All 257 passengers and crew were killed in New Zealand’s worst air disaster. See Mt Erebus disaster and the related entry on Te Ara for more information.  1993 Franz Josef Glacier air crash  On 25 October nine people died when a sightseeing plane crashed into Franz Josef Glacier on the West Coast.

18.  1995 Cave Creek disaster  On 28 April a Department of Conservation viewing platform built over a cliff at Cave Creek in the West Coast’s Paparoa National Park collapsed, killing 14 people.  2008 Tongariro tragedy  On 16 April six students and their teacher from Auckland’s Elim Christian College drowned in a canyoning accident while participating in an outdoor education programme near the Tongariro National Park. Read more (TVNZ)  2010 Fox Glacier air crash  On 4 September nine people died when a skydiving plane crashed after taking off from Fox Glacier airfield on the West Coast.

19.  2010 Canterbury (Darfield) earthquake  Although there were no deaths, this 4 September earthquake was – at the time – the largest to affect a major urban area since the 1931 Hawke’s Bay quake. Read more on Te Ara  2010 Pike River mine accident  Two explosions on 19 and 24 November resulted in the deaths of 29 coalminers at the Pike River mine on the West Coast. It was this country's worst mining disaster since 1914.  2011 Christchurch earthquake  At 12.51 p.m. on 22 February a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck 10 km south- east of central Christchurch at a depth of only 5 km. Approximately 182 people were killed, making it New Zealand’s worst natural disaster in terms of loss of life since 1931.