1. Pharmtech Review Medications

2. Orange book: Used for approved drug clinical uses
All medications have a patent or trade name(s) and one generic name Information on drugs can be obtained from:
Drug topics Red Book: has prices, emergency info., clinical uses, product identification, mainly for insurance reimbursement info.
Orange book: Used for approved drug clinical uses
Merck Index; for identifying chemicals
Physicians desk reference: book of the drug inserts about dosing, generics and trade names, product identifying, results of clinical trials and side effects
USP three volumes on approved uses of drugs, patient information on drug, how to store a drug,
American Hospital Formulary Service Drug info; uses, interactions, absorbtion and dosage of drugs.

3. Regulatory Agencies
TJC (formerly known as The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare. For controlling quality care of hospitals, home health care agencies, pharmacies, Sx centers, nursing homes (inspection is voluntary)
DEA: enforces the controlled subs. Act by examining records, registering pharmacies
FDA: Ensures quality of drugs and drug insert information, their efficacy and and safety
US Pharmacopeia: USP sets standards of purity of drugs and foods and supplements

4. Antibiotics; Sulfonamides
Bacteriostatic only: kill bacteria by blocking reproduction only
Usually for UTI’s and URI’s
Side effects: photosensitiviy, kidney damage, nausea
Special considerations; avoid sunlight, drink a lot of water to avoid kidney stones,

5. Gantricin, Septra, Bactrim, Azulfadine
Watch out for allergies to sulfa drugs, photosensitivity, nausea

6. Examples of sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim brand name is Bactrim or Septra
Sulfadiazine Cream often used on diabetic wounds (the silver cream)
Sulfasalazine/Sulfoxazole brand name is Gantrisin and Azulfidine

7. Gram Stain (quick in office ID of type of bacteria and what it’s likely sensitive to)

8. Penicillins
Bacteriocidal; kill bacteria by preventing formation of cell wall
Used for abscesses, pneumonia, otitis media,
Side effects: Allergies common, rash, asthsma, anaphylaxis
Take pens on empty stomach
Last longer if refrigerated since it has a natural source

9. Examples Amoxicillin: Brand Amoxil in cap or susp.
Ampicillin: Omnipen,
Cloxacillin;
Dicloxacillin: Dynapen

10. Cephalosporins
Synthetic replacement of penicillins and are cidal (break down cell wall production)
Ten percent cross sensitivity to those with pen allergy
Broader spectrum than natural penicillins (kill both gram positive and gram negative organisms
Used a lot prior to sx as prophylactic

11. Examples of cephalosporins
Cefaclor brand name ceclor
Defadroxil brand is Duricef
Cephalexin brand is Keflex (oral only)
Cefuroxime brand is Ceftin (IV or IM)

12. Tetracyclines Bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis
Used for acne, broncitis, pneumonia
Side effects: photosensitivity
Never take with calcium containing foods for calcium binds with the drug and is ineffective
Causes yellowing of teeth in growing teeth
Never given to pregnant females, teratogenic, birth defects and kids under 9 yrs old
Drug sensitive to light, tinted bottles and good at room temp for 2 weeks only

13. Examples of tetracyclines
Doxycycline: brand Vibramycin
Minocycline: brand Minocin
Tetracyline: brand Achromycin

14. Macrolide antibiotics
Inhibit protein synthesis
Side effects; very upsetting to stomachs
Always take macrolids with food
Erythromycin was also developed, before cephalosporins, as alternative to penicillins and those allergic to pens.

15. Examples of macrolides
Azithromycin brand is Zithromax
Clarithromycin brand is Biaxin
Also, Ilosone, EES, Erythrocin, E mycin are all salts of erythromycin

16. Quinolones
Interfere with DNA function and replication killing bacteria (bacteriocidal)
Used for serious bone and joint infections, URIs and UTIs
Side effects; nausea, dizziness
Possible teratogenic effects (baby deformers)
Photosensitivity in skin and drug is photosensitive

17. Examples of quinolones
Ciprofloxacin brand is Cipro (broad spectrum, good alternative to penicillin allergic pts.)
Levofloxacin brand Levaquin
Oxafloxacin brand is Floxin

18. Aminoglycosides Block protein synthesis (bacteriocidal)
For serious infections mainly
Side effects; nephrotoxic, ototoxic,tinnitus,permament deafness

19. Examples of aminoglycosides
Amikacin brand is Amikin
Gentamicin brand is Garamycin
Neomycin brand is neosporin
Streptomycin brand is Streptomycin
Tobramycin brand is Nebcin

20. Miscellaneous antibiotics
Clindamycin brand is Cleocin
Inhibits protein synthesis
Second line drug for serious bone infections and penicillin allergic patients
Causes bleeding of the intestines and ulcerations of colon

21. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Used for Trichomonas of vagina and penile urethra
Never take with ethanol; works like Antabuse

22. Vancomycin (Vancocin)powerful aminoglycoside; last line drug
Only for very severe infections
Serious ototoxicity, neprhotoxicity
CDC has warnings out about this drug
Keep patient very hydrated to prevent serious side effects.