1. Shallow “Learning by Reading” In Slate Need either transition section from Selmer to Micah, or Title slide plus not-crappy title!

2. The primary audience is the intelligence community Slate Multi-faceted intelligent assistant to those whose jobs are in large part reasoning-based Under development for ARDA, DARPA, and RPI's logic, mathematics, and computer science curricula

3. Reading Process Phase One: Intelligence Reports  Controlled English

4. Reading Process Phase Two: Controlled English  DRS

5. Reading Process Phase Three: DRS  Multi-Sorted Logic

6. Reading Process Process: Intelligence Reports  Multi-Sorted Logic

7. Reading Process Implementation Process: Intelligence Reports  Multi-Sorted Logic

8. Reading Process – Phase 1 ACE (Fuchs, et al) WordNet used prior as lexicon database for CELT, an ACE- like controlled language (Pease, et al) Manual transcription/authoring in controlled languages is viable at scale (Allen & Barthe) Techniques for automated conversion from natural English to controlled English are being developed (Mollá & Schwitter)

9. Attempto Controlled English ACE is an unambiguous proper subset of full English Vocabulary of reserved function words and user- defined content words Grammar is context-free, phrase-structured, and definite clause Principles of Interpretation deterministically disambiguate otherwise ambiguous phrases Direct translation into Discourse Representation Structures

10. Reading Process – Phase 2 ACE Parser (APE) Discourse Representation Structures (DRSs) are central to Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) (Kamp & Reyle) DRT is a linguistic theory for assigning meaning to discourse by sequential additive contribution DRS is a syntactic variant of first-order logic for the resolution of unbounded anaphora DRS is a structure ((referents), (conditions))

11. DRS Example “John talks to Mary.” ((A, B), (John(A), Mary(B), talk(A, B))) …“He smiles at her.” ((A, B, C, D), (John(A), Mary(B), talk(A, B), smile(C, D), C=A, D=B))

12. DRS Example …“She does not smile at him.” ((A, B, C, D), (John(A), Mary(B), talk(A, B), smile(C, D), C=A, D=B),  ((E, F), (smile(E, F), E=B, F=A)))

13. Reading Process – Phase 3 ACE uses an extended form of DRS Small, domain-neutral, encoding scheme & ontology to capture semantic content Transformation from DRS to MSL/FOL is well understood (Blackburn & Bos) Straight-forward translation would interject ACE’s ontology/encoding scheme Translation must map from ACE’s ontology to another, perhaps PSL Similar to CELT’s mapping of WordNet to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)

14. Encoding Scheme Examples Nouns and verbs have semantic type; person, object, time, or unspecified for nouns, event, state, or unspecified for verbs –e.g. object(A, named_entity, person) Properties are encoded using property –e.g. green(A)  property(A, green) Predicates are encoded using predicate –e.g. enter(A, B)  predicate(P, event, enter, A, B)

15. Slate Reading Example

16. Input Text Security searches every foreigner that boards a plane. Abdul is an Iranian. He boards DL846.

17. Parse Trees

18. DRS

19. Multi-Sorted Logic (Using Inverse Encoding Map) 1.  A (Security(A)   B,C ((foreigner(B)  plane(C)  board(B, C))  search(A, B))) 2.  AB (Abdul(A)  Iranian(A)  DL846(B)  board(A, B))

20. References Allen, J. & Barthe, K. (2004), ‘Introductory Overview of Controlled Languages’, Invited talk for the Society for Technical Communication. Presentation. Blackburn, P. & Bos, J. (Forthcoming), Working with Discourse Representation Theory: An Advanced Course in Computational Semantics. Forthcoming. Fuchs, N. E., Hoefler, S., Kaljurand, K., Schneider, G. & Schwertel, U. (2005), Extended Discourse Representation Structures in Attempto Controlled English, Technical Report ifi-2005.08, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Fuchs, N. E., Kaljurand, K., Rinaldi, F. & Schneider, G. (2005), A Parser for Attempto Controlled English, Technical Report IST506779/Zurich/I2D3/D/PU, REWERSE. Hoefler, S. (2004), The Syntax of Attempto Controlled English: An Abstract Grammar for ACE 4.0, Technical Report ifi-2004.03, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Fuchs, N. E., Schwertel, U. & Schwitter, R. (1999), Attempto Controlled English (ACE) Language Manual, Version 3.0, Technical Report 99.03, Department of Computer Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. ISO (2001), Industrial automation system and integration — Process specification language, Committee Draft ISO/CD 18629-1, International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Kamp, H. & Reyle, U. (1993), From Discourse to Logic: Introduction to Model-theoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory, 1 edn, Springer. Mollá, D. & Schwitter, R. (2001), From Plain English to Controlled English, in ‘Proceedings of the 2001 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop’, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, pp. 77–83. Pease, A. & Fellbaum, C. (2004), Language to Logic Translation with PhraseBank, in ‘Proceedings of the Second International WordNet Conference (GWC2004)’, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 187–192. Pease, A. & Murray, W. (2003), An English to Logic Translator for Ontology-based Knowledge Representation Languages, in ‘Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering’, Beijing, China, pp. 777–783.