1. How to work through a Latin Sentence A Technique for Success 1) Remember always to read the sentence from left to right - don’t skip around! 2) Always connect the Latin case ending to the word’s function in the sentence.

2. The order of words in a Latin sentence is rarely the same as its English translation, so beginning readers need a strategy to help relate Latin forms to English word order. What follows is a slow-motion method which simulates how an experienced reader’s brain processes the Latin text. Be patient and give it a try! Once you get used to the Latin system, you won’t have to keep doing this. The worst thing you can do as you start learning Latin is to take short cuts; this will cause a lot of trouble later on.

3. A complete sentence in English has certain predictable core elements which occur in a consistent word order: Subject + Verb +/- Object s +/- s Add “a” and “the” to your final translation as appropriate. As you identify the ending on a Latin word and the function it signals, fill in the appropriate blank in the English model. Nominative = Subject Accusative = Object

4. Amīcī dōnum amant. Subject + Verb +/- Object (Nom.) s +/- (Acc.) ItemForm / FunctionTranslation AmīcīNom. pl. / SubjectFriends ______ +/- _______. dōnumAcc. sg. / Dir. Obj.Friends ______ gift. amant3rd pl. / VerbFriends love gift. Final translation: Friends love a gift.

5. Try this sentence and click to check your answer. Agricola agrōs laudat. ItemForm / FunctionTranslation AgricolaNom. sg. / Subj.Farmer ______s +/- _______. agrōsAcc. pl. / D.O.Farmer ______s fields. laudat3rd sg. / VerbFarmer praises fields. Final Translation: The farmer praises the fields.

6. If the sentence has an adverbial modifier, put it at the end of the sentence - then adjust your final translation. Agricola ab agrīs in casam rosam portat. abPreposition Farmer ___s +/- ___ from____. The farmer carries a rose from the fields into the house. agrīsAbl. pl. Farmer ___s +/- ___ from fields. inPreposition Farmer ___s +/- ___ from fields in/into ___. casamAcc. sg. Farmer ___s +/- ___ from fields into house. rosamAcc. sg. Farmer ___s rose from fields into house. AgricolaNom. sg. Farmer ______s +/- _______. portat3rd sg. verb Farmer carries rose from fields into house. Chapter 4

7. If the sentence has an adjective, put it immediately before the noun it modifies. Put any genitive modifier immediately after the noun it modifies. Amīcus agricolae pulchram rosam portat. agricolaeGen. sg. Friend of farmer ___s +/- ___. The farmer’s friend carries a beautiful rose. pulchramAcc. f. sg. Friend of farmer ___s beautiful ___. rosamAcc. f. sg. Friend of farmer ___s beautiful rose. portat3rd sg. verb Friend of farmer carries beautiful rose. AmīcusNom. sg. Friend ______s +/- _______. Chapter 5