1. By Reaz Uddin, Ph. D. Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Research Methodology ASR702 1

2. Course Contents Public Safety (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) Lab Safety (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) Environment conservations (Dr. Raza Shah) (2 classes) Scientific Record Keeping (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Handling of Research Material (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Research Misconduct (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Critical Evaluation of Research (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Ownership of Data (Dr. Hina Siddiqui) (2 classes) Research Ethics (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Scientific Integrity (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Effective use of computers and internet (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Publication (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Communication of Science (Dr. Reaz Uddin) (2 classes) Students Presentations (Dr. Hina Siddiqui and Dr. Reaz) (10 classes) Biostatistics (Mr. Yaseen Menai) (9 classes) 2

3. 3 Scientific Integrity and Misconduct

4. Conscience is the inner voice which warns us that someone may be looking.

5. Research Integrity Further knowledge Benefit society Responsible science

6. Responsible Research Irresponsible Research Research Misconduct

7. Responsible Conduct of Research Data acquisition, management, sharing, and ownership Mentor/trainee responsibilities Publication practices and responsible authorship Peer review Collaborative science Human subjects Research involving animals Conflict of interest and commitment Research misconduct

8. Categories of Scientific Misconduct Fabrication: making up experiments, data Falsification: changing results, data without statistical justification Plagiarism: appropriating the words or ideas of another and presenting them as one’s own

9. What Research Misconduct Is Not Example 1: Simple illegal, improper behavior Example 2: Honest error Example 3: Disagreement based on honest differences of opinion Example 4: Simply authorship disputes Example 5: Arguably unethical behavior Example 6: Sloppy science

10. Fuzzy Areas Failure to correct the scientific record “Self-Plagiarism” Questionable data selection (including image manipulation)

11. Pretty Pictures Image Preparation/Manipulation

12. Academic misconduct misconduct in scholarly work Means fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research or other scholarly work; also includes any form of behavior, including the making of allegations that involve frivolous, mischievous or malicious misrepresentation, whereby one’s work or the work of others is seriously misrepresented; does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data.

13. Woo Suk Hwang Seoul National University 13 Hwang Woo-suk (Korean: 황우석, born January 29, 1953)[1] is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher. He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments, which appeared in high-profile journals, in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning.

14. Eric Poehlman University of Vermont 14 Eric Poehlman (born c. 1956), a scientist in the field of human obesity and aging, was the first academic in the United States to be jailed for falsifying data in a grant application. His notorious crime was to publish utterly fraudulent research alleging hormone replacement injections as a therapy for menopause, when it fact it had no proven medical benefits at all.

15. Process Inquiry Investigation Consequences

16. Whistleblowing To ensure that the scientific record is correct (science & society) To comply with regulations (individual) To prevent future misconduct (science & society) To protect one’s own reputation (individual) or the reputation of another (science & society) To punish wrongdoer (individual) Allegations are not borne out (individual) Time, effort and emotion intensive (individual) Retaliation by respondent or respondent’s institution (individual) Gain reputation as a trouble- maker (individual) BenefitsRisks

17. How To Avoid Becoming Involved Maintain good records Assess the validity of the results Collaborate with co-investigators

18. A Few Good URLs www.ori.dhhs.gov www.iom.edu www.aamc.org http://cf.umaryland.edu/hrpolicies