2. THINKING ABOUT MIND AND BRAIN  “Mind” “Brain activity”  APA (2000) the word “Mental” in patients title perpetuates the idea that mental and physical disorders are different and somehow not related.  21 st century increasing evidence from the field of molecular biology shows that “Mental state” have their representation in brain neuronal anatomy and functioning.  Neuro scientific discovery and developments continue to advance at a remarkable pace and continue to the evolving understanding of brain function.

3. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex

4. The limbic system

5. Neurotransmitter- Dopamine pathway

6. Neurotransmitter- Nor epinephrine pathway

7. Neurotransmitter- Serotonin pathway

8. Clinical significance of neurotransmitters  Depression  Anxiety  Schizophrenia  Parkinsonism  Alzheimer’s disease

9. INTERRELATED SYSTEMS Psychoneuroimmunology Neuroendocrinology Chronobiology

10. EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOBIOLOGY Genetic research Stem cell technology

11. DIAGNOSTIC AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES I) NEUROIMAGING  Ultra Sonography  Computed Tomography  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography II)NEURO PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

12. RESEARCH Karanau (2002) did a study on “Neuro psychiatry: a useful adjunct to comprehensive neuro science nursing care. They found that nursing interventions are developed to improve functional ability and promote independence. If a neuro psychiatric nurse is not available________ skill can be employed by neuro science nurses and implemented on neurological and neuro surgical units.

13. RESEARCH (contd)

14. ROLE OF NURSE Neuro biology is a part of the standards of practice for psychiatric/ mental health nurses Neuro plastic applications are also leading to new approaches for treating disorders Effective patient and family teaching is an important function of the role of psychiatric mental health nurse as researchers regarding structure and functions of CNS Apply biological principles in all aspects of nursing care and ensure comprehensive and quality mental health

15. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Current concepts with dynamic development will continue to stimulate and positively challenge the truly professional nurse

16. THANK YOU