2. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1 www.ihtpk.com SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION The State of our Environment Dr Mehreen Faruqi mehreenf@unsw.edu.au

3. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2 www.ihtpk.com BIOSPHERE 2

4. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 3 www.ihtpk.com Problems in Paradise “If the levels of consumption that...the most affluent people enjoy today were replicated across even half of the roughly 9 billion people projected to be on the planet in 2050, the impact on our water supply, air quality, forests, climate, biological diversity, and human health would be severe.”

5. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 4 www.ihtpk.com THE BIG PROBLEMS u Poverty u Human Population u Inequity & exploitation u Resource use depletion u Environmental pollution

6. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 5 www.ihtpk.com The Ecological Footprint measures the corresponding area of productive land and aquatic ecosystems required to produce the resources used, and to assimilate the wastes produced, by a defined population at a specified material standard of living, wherever on Earth that land may be located. The correct order from the largest to the smallest footprint (Hectares per person) is: USA 9.7UAE 10.3Qatar 9.7 Japan 4.2 Malaysia 3.2 South Africa 3.0 Thailand 1.9India 0.8Pakistan 0.7 True or False? Size of Footprints

7. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 6 www.ihtpk.com Source: State of the World Report, 2006.

8. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 7 www.ihtpk.com

9. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 8 www.ihtpk.com Specific Environmental Problems Global warming/Climate change Loss of biodiversity Pollution – Water, atmosphere, soil Water scarcity Waste generation Land Degradation/Desertification Consumption and resource depletion

10. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 9 www.ihtpk.com SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Global temperatures – difference from 1961 – 1990 average

11. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 10 www.ihtpk.com Of the world’s 9600 bird species, 300 are stable or increasing, 6600 are in decline, vulnerable or threatened. Extinction rates have increases by 100 to 1000 times the average rate over a half billion year sweep of the fossil record (birds and mammals) 80% of world forest are now cleared, fragmented or degraded Biodiversity

12. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 11 www.ihtpk.com Water Global freshwater consumption rose by a factor of 6 from 1990 – 1995, or 2x the population increase About 1/3 people live in countries with moderately high water stress – i.e. consumption is > 10% of renewable freshwater supply On present trends 2 out of 3 people will live in water stressed conditions by 2025 Declining state of freshwater resources (quantity and quality) may prove to be the dominant issue on environment and development agenda in 21 st century ~ 20% of world’s population lack access to safe drinking water ~ 50% of world’s population lack adequate sanitation Asian rivers have a faecal coliform count 50 x above WHO guidelines Asian rivers have a suspended solids levels increased 4x since the late 70s: typically 20x OECD levels

13. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 12 www.ihtpk.com Energy from fossil fuels key source of pollution Parts of Asia – air pollution critical concern (acid rain): increasing SO 2 particulates CO 2 and other greenhouse gases and the enhanced greenhouse effect Water pollution – industrial, stormwater, sewage Soil contamination Pollution

14. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 13 www.ihtpk.com Land Degradation About 2/3 of agricultural land have been degraded to some extent during the last 50 years. The main causes of land degradation are inappropriate land use, mainly unsustainable agricultural practices; overgrazing; and deforestation. The best estimate of tropical deforestation rate during the 1980s is 1,540,000 km 2 / decade, or 8% of the current tropical forest inventory per decade

15. SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 14 www.ihtpk.com Waste Consumer and commercial behaviour is resulting in increases in the generation of municipal waste including packaging waste More than half of the world's municipal waste is generated in developed countries. Industrialized countries generate more than 90 per cent of the world's annual total of some 325-375 million tons of toxic and hazardous waste, mostly from the chemical and petrochemical industries. Electronic waste (e-waste) – from computers, televisions, telephones, cell phones, electronic toys, and other sources – is posing a new management challenge to Asia and the Pacific. E-waste is currently one of the fastest growing segments of solid waste.