1. Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security Chapter 3 Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior (Eighth Edition)

2. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Response to 9/11 –Need to re-evaluate and structure use of intelligence in policing Problematic implementation –Shift in mindset Defining the role state and local law enforcement agencies play in homeland security Terrorism, Intelligence, and ILP

3. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Data that has been evaluated, analyzed, and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations Intelligence is a product Differing perspectives on the role of intelligence –Identify patterns and provide analysis of past events –Compel policy/decision makers to act –Prediction of future events Defining “Intelligence”

4. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved The Intelligence Cycle National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan –Predictive analysis derived from the discovery of hard facts, information, patterns, intelligence, and good crime analysis

5. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Clearinghouses for all potentially relevant homeland security information Acts as a centralized host for intelligence but also allows for efficient communications and operations between agencies and jurisdictions Fusion Centers

6. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1.Support the broad range of activities undertaken by a police department 2.Support operations that protect critical infrastructure and key resources in a given region 3.Help maintain public “tip lines” 4.Assist police executives in making better- informed decisions Goals of Fusion Centers

7. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Problems relating to information-sharing between different (local, state, federal) agencies Expensive to operate and little tangible evidence of success Many centers have expanded their role to include crime fighting and reduction Violation of civil liberties Criticisms of Fusion Centers and Law Enforcement Responses to Terrorism

8. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 2002: Largest structural change to the federal bureaucracy in 55 years Focuses on anti-terrorism efforts in the United States Integration of many agencies (U.S. Coast Guard, FEMA, U.S. Secret Service, Bureau of ATF, and others) Created a division to analyze intelligence gathered by FBI, CIA, and other police and military agencies Department of Homeland Security

9. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 1.Border security and transportation 2.Emergency preparedness and response 3.Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures 4.Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection Four Areas of Responsibility for DHS

10. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 9/11 was the first attack in the U.S. by an external enemy since WWII Created new challenges for police at all levels New responsibilities Federal policing came under scrutiny Political Violence and Terrorism

11. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Defining “Terrorism” Typologies of Terrorism International Transnational Domestic State

12. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Rooted in post-1948 Middle-East conflict Fundamental Islamic groups al-Qaeda –1996: Osama bin Laden issues declaration of war against the “Great Satan” (The United States) –1998: Suicide bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania kill 224 people –2000: Suicide bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen kills 17 American sailors –2001: Attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon kill more than 2,800 –2011: Osama bin Laden shot and killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives Radical Islamic Terrorism

13. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved “Homegrown” Islamic Terrorism U.S. citizens and residents convert to radical extremism, plot and commit terrorist acts, or fight for the jihadist movement both inside the U.S. and in foreign countries.

14. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Use of the Internet Method of Operation Common Motive Recent Trends in Radical Islamic Terrorism

15. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Domestic, anti-federal government groups Also support violence against minorities, homosexuals, and members of the U.S. government (ATF, IRS) Right-Wing Extremism Aryan NationKu Klux Klan MinutemenNational Alliance Posse ComitatusSkinheads The OrderWhite Aryan Resistance White RevolutionState Militias

16. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose motivation derives primarily from hatred directed at an actual or perceived characteristic of the victim Legal definitions vary –Federal statute: 18 U.S.C. section 245 Race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation Hate Crimes

17. Police Administration (8 th Edition) Swanson, Territo, and Taylor © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved “Single-issue” groups Earth Liberation Front (ELF) –Typically attacks “low-level” targets Farmers, bulldozers, ski lifts Animal Liberation Front (ALF) –Typically attacks more significant targets Breeding companies, universities Ecoterrorist and Extremist Animal Rights Groups