1. Chapter 7, 8 & 9 Chapter 7 Network Basics Data Communications
The Internet and the World Wide Web
and Other Internet Services
Chapter 9
Connecting to the Internet
Doing Business in the Online World

2. Chapter 9 Objectives
Discuss the components required for successful communications
Explain the purpose of communications software
Identify various sending and receiving devices
Describe various types of lines for communications over the telephone network
Describe uses of computer communications
Describe commonly used communications devices
List advantages of using a network
Discuss different ways to set up a home network
Differentiate among client/server, peer-to-peer, and P2P networks
Identify various physical and wireless transmission media
Describe the various network communications standards
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3. Communications Over the Telephone Network
What is the public switched telephone network (PSTN)?
Worldwide telephone system that handles voice-oriented telephone calls
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4. Voice Over IP

5. Communications Over the Telephone Network
What is a dial-up line?
Temporary connection using telephone line for communications
Costs no more than making regular call
Computers at any two locations can establish a connection using modems and telephone network
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6. Communications Over the Telephone Network
What is a dedicated line?
Always-on connection between two communications devices
Five types are ISDN line, DSL, FTTP, T-carrier line, and ATM
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7. Communications Devices
What are examples of communications devices?
Common types are dial-up modems, ISDN and DSL modems, cable modems, wireless modems, network cards, wireless access points, routers, and hubs
ISDN and DSL modems send and receive data from ISDN and DSL lines
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8. Communications Devices
What is a dial-up modem?
A dial-up modem converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa
Usually in the form of an adapter card
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9. Communications Devices
What are ISDN and DSL modems?
Communications devices that send and receive digital ISDN and DSL signals
Usually external devices in which one end connects to a telephone line and the other end connects to a port on the system unit
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10. Communications Devices
What is a cable modem?
Sends and receives data over cable television network
Much faster than dial-up modem or ISDN
Sometimes called a broadband modem
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11. Communications Devices
What is a wireless modem?
Allows access to the Web wirelessly from a notebook computer, a smart phone, or other mobile device
Typically use the same waves used by cellular telephones
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12. Communications Devices
What is a network card?
Adapter card, PC Card, ExpressCard module, USB network adapter, or flash card that enables computer or device to access network
Sometimes called network interface card (NIC)
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13. Communications Devices
What is a wireless access point?
Central communications device that allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or wirelessly to a wired network
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14. Communications Devices
What is a router?
Connects computers and transmits data to correct destination on network
Routers forward data on Internet using fastest available path
Some routers have a built-in hardware firewall
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15. Communications Devices
What is a hub or switch?
Device that provides central point for cables in network
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16. Home Networks What is a home network?
Multiple computers connected in home
Several types of home networks
Ethernet — connect computers via cable
Powerline cable — use electrical lines in house
Phoneline — use telephone lines
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17. Communications Channel
What is a communications channel?
Transmission media on which data travels in communications system
Transmission media are materials or substances capable of carrying one or more signals
Bandwidth is amount of data that can travel over a communications channel
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18. Communications Channel
How is a request sent over the Internet using a communications channel?
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19. Physical Transmission Media
What is physical transmission media?
Wire, cable, and other tangible materials used to send communications signals
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20. Physical Transmission Media
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and network cabling
Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring
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21. Physical Transmission Media
What is fiber-optic cable?
Capable of carrying significantly more data at faster speeds than wire cables
Less susceptible to interference (noise) and, therefore, more secure
Smaller size (thinner and lighter)
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22. Wireless Transmission Media
What is wireless transmission media?
Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to install cables
Includes Bluetooth and IrDA
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23. Wireless Transmission Media
What are broadcast radio and cellular radio?
Broadcast radio distributes radio signals over long and short distances
Cellular radio is form of broadcast radio used for mobile communications
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24. Wireless Transmission Media
What is a microwave station?
Earth-based reflective dish used for microwave communications
Must transmit in straight line with no obstructions
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25. Wireless Transmission Media
What is a communications satellite?
Space station that receives microwave signals from earth-based station, amplifies signals, and broadcasts signals back to any number of earth-based stations
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26. Network Hardware Network interface cards Network adapter
Connects node to the media
Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)
Insider Information
The Xerox Corporation controls the assignment of Ethernet addresses to NIC manufacturers.

27. Network Hardware Network linking devices Connect nodes in the network
Cable runs from node to device
Crossover cable connects two computers

28. Network Hardware Hubs Center of a star network
All nodes receive transmitted packets
Slow and insecure

29. Network Hardware Switches Replacement for hubs
Only intended node receives transmission
Fast and secure
Insider information
Twisted pair networks cannot achieve higher than 10 Mbps using a hub. Switches are necessary to achieve 100 Mbps or higher.

30. Network Hardware Bridge Connects two or more LANs together
Packets sent to remote LAN cross
Other packets do not cross
Segments the network on MAC addresses

31. Network Hardware Router Connects two or more LANs together
Packets sent to remote LAN cross
Network is segmented by IP address
Connect internal networks to the Internet
Need configured before installation
Discussion point
Ask who in the class has high speed Internet. Then determine if anyone is sharing this to the rest of the house or dorm. If they are, see if they can describe the setup. Most likely, the sharing is done with a router.

32. Network Hardware Gateway Connects two dissimilar networks
Connects coax to twisted pair
Most gateways contained in other devices

33. Network Cabling Cabling specifications Bandwidth measures cable speed
Typically measured in Mbps
Maximum cable length
Connector describes the type of plug

34. Network Cabling Ethernet Very popular cabling technology
10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5
Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps
Maximum distances100 to 500 meters

35. Network Cabling Fast Ethernet Newer version of Ethernet
Bandwidth is 100 Mbps
Uses Cat5 or greater cable
Sometimes called 100Base T
Requires a switch
Teaching tip
Point out that the speed of the cable is the number before the word Base.

36. Network Cabling Gigabit Ethernet High bandwidth version of Ethernet
1 to 10 Gbps
Cat 5 or fiber optic cable
Video applications

37. Network Cabling Token ring Uses shielded twisted pair cabling
Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps
Uses a multiple access unit (MAU)
Popular in manufacturing and finance

38. Network Protocols Language of the network Rules of communication
Error resolution
Defines collision and collision recovery
Size of packet
Naming rules for computers

39. Network Protocols TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Most popular protocol
Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers
IP address
is the White House’s web site
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Simplifies assignment of IP addresses
Required for Internet access
Teaching tip
Have students determine IP addresses for the computer. On 2000/XP enter ipconfig /all. Windows 98 and back enter winipcfg.

40. Network Protocols IPX/SPX
Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange
Older protocol
Associated with Novell Netware
Replaced by TCP/IP

41. Network Protocols NetBEUI Network BIOS Extended User Interface
Used by Windows to name computers
Transmission details handled by TCP/IP
Discussion Point
Have students tell you what BIOS stands for.

42. Network Protocols Token ring
Nodes communicate when they have the token
Popular in manufacturing and finance

43. Modem Communications Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)
Standard phone line
Two-way voice communication
Uses analog transmission techniques
Data communication is slow
Insider Information
The actual name used by phone technicians is Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Mention POTS to the wrong technician and you will get an earful!

44. Modem Communications Modems Modulator/Demodulator
Modulator converts digital to analog
Speed measured in bits per second (bps)
Current fastest speed is 56 Kbps
Quality of phone lines dictates speed
V.92 is the current modem standard
Several modem types
Internal
External
Voice
Fax
Insider information
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits modem speed over an analog line to 53Kbps.
Teaching tip
Determine what your local ISPs support. If your ISPs do not support V.92, suggest to your students to purchase a V.90 modem. They will likely save $10 on the purchase and see no performance difference.

45. Modem Communications Modem uses Connection to the Internet
File transfer
Uploading
Downloading
Teaching tip
Draw a diagram showing the Internet ‘above’ the client computer to illustrate where the names come from.

46. Digital Data Connections
Digital phone lines
Local telephone companies are upgrading
Service will faster and more reliable
New phones will be needed
Modems will need to be upgraded

47. Digital Data Connections
Broadband connection
Any data connection faster than 56 Kbps
Common in business
Becoming popular in home installations

48. Digital Data Connections
ISDN lines
Integrated Services Digital Network
Basic rate uses three channels
Two data channels each support 64 Kbps
Error correction channel
Primary rate uses 24 data channels

49. ISDN Connection

50. Digital Data Connections
T lines
High-capacity voice/data lines
Used to control phone and data
Several variants
T1 transmits at Mbps
T3 transmits at Mbps
Teaching tip
More information on T lines can be found at ckp.made-it.com/t1234.html.

51. Digital Data Connections
DSL technologies
Digital Subscriber Line
Popular with home users
Speeds range from 100 Kbps to 30 Mbps
Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL)
Upload speed slower than download speed
Symmetrical DSL (SDSL)
Requires a DSL modem
Teaching tip
The website provides unbiased information regarding DSL providers.

52. Digital Data Connections
Cable modem connections
Popular with home and office users
Speeds between 1 and 3 Mbps
Requires a cable modem

53. Digital Data Connections
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Efficient transfer of video and sound
Requires a special NIC and hardware

54. Consumer E-Commerce Online shopping Purchasing through a web site
Also called Business to Consumer (B2C)
List of products is nearly endless
Features
Searchable catalog
Secure checkout
Customer support page

55. Consumer E-Commerce Online stores versus brick and mortar
Brick and mortar implies a physical store
Brick and mortar properties
Limited hours
Salespeople can offer assistance
Customers can handle the merchandise
Online store properties
Store is open 24 x 7
Salespeople usually not available
Can only view the merchandise

56. Online vs. Brick and Mortar
Online store catalog
Brick and mortar store experience

57. Consumer E-Commerce Using online catalogs
Good online stores have a catalog
Products are often arranged by category
Products can be found by keyword
Teaching tip
Open an online store in class and demonstrate exactly how the catalog works.

58. Consumer E-Commerce Paying for purchases
Vendors accept several payment methods
Credit cards
Paypal
Electronic Fund Transfer
May need to create an account
Simplifies shipping
Encourages repeat shopping
Insider information
Suggest to your students that they use the same account name and password for every online vendor they visit. This will simplify their lives when the revisit the site in the future.

59. Consumer E-Commerce Getting customer service
Needed to resolve problems
Understand the policies before ordering
Contact information
How you contact the vendor
Return policies
Availability and fee for returning items
Shipping policies
Charges and fees
Convenience fees

60. Consumer E-Commerce Online banking Most teller services handled online
Balances can be obtained
Bills can be paid
Access is typically very secure
Not available at all banks

61. Consumer E-Commerce Online finance Broker and investment services
Costs less than a traditional broker
Stocks and bonds can be traded
Loans can be procured
Tax returns can be filed

62. Business E-Commerce Business to business (B2B)
Business transaction between companies
Accounts for the majority of e-commerce
Initially private networks were used
Common transactions
Reorder inventory
Purchase stocks
Credit checks

63. Business E-Commerce Intranets and extranets
Business partners must work together
Networks must work together
Intranet uses Internet technologies
Only internal workers can access resources
Use a standard browser to access resources
Extranets open the Intranet to clients
Clients have password level access
Allows the same abilities as employees
Very simple to use and setup
Insider information
Very large businesses may force smaller clients to conform to their network. Two examples are Ford and Highmark Insurance. In Highmark’s case, they require doctors accepting their insurance to process bills using Highmark’s software.

64. Business E-Commerce Telecommuters
Employee working outside of the office
Connects to the office through technology
Several technologies are used
Home computer and the Internet
Key card changes passwords often
Encryption is used to protect data
Discussion point
Have students list the pros of telecommuting. Expect answers like: “working in my underwear” and “no need to commute”. Once several pros have been listed, switch to cons. Introduce the problems of promotions, employee isolation, and extremely long work days. Finish with the problem of outsourcing to different countries.

65. Security Improved security measures
Before 1998, Web security was nonexistent
Now safer than restaurant purchases
All reputable sites protect their customers

66. Security Secure web pages Allows safe transmission of credit card
Use the secure socket layer (SSL)
Encrypts data transmission to the server
Secure pages are easily identified
URL uses
Browser status bar shows a closed lock
Teaching tip
Explain to your students that Internet security is a very tough concept. The information presented in the chapter is simply a brief introduction. An excellent tutorial on web security can be found on