1. Network Security
Fall 2014
Dr. Faisal Kakar
Office: 01, FICT Building
1-9-13

2. Course Title: Network Security (3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab)
Course Syllabus
Course Title: Network Security (3 hours lecture, 0 hours lab)
Instructor: Dr. Faisal Kakar (backup - Engr. Raza Ali)
Course Objective: Fundamental concepts of network information security and management, including encryption, secure access methods, and vulnerabilities in network protocols, operating systems, and network applications. 2

3. Course Syllabus
Textbook: "Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards," Prentice Hall, William Stallings, Third Edition,
Grading:
Quizzes 10%
HW 5%
NetSec Exercise 10%
Midterm 25%
Final 50% 3

4. Course Syllabus Course Outline: Introduction
Secret Key and Public/Private Key Cryptography Cryptographic Hashes and Message Digests Authentication Systems (Kerberos) Digital signatures and certificates Kerberos and X.509v3 digital certificates Web security Security standards - SSL/TLS and SET Intruders and viruses PGP and S/MIME for electronic mail security Firewalls Current Network Security Publications and Web Sites 4

5. Attacks, Services, and Mechanisms
* Security Attack: Any action that compromises the security of information (e.g., stealing information).
* Security Mechanism: A mechanism that is designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack. (e.g., encryption)
Security Service: A service that enhances the security of data processing systems and information transfers. A security service makes use of one or more security mechanisms (SSL for Web browsers and servers).
Service - prevents Attacks - by using Mechanisms 5

6. Security Services (PI and 3 A's) * Privacy (Confidentiality)
* Integrity (has not been altered or deleted)
* Availability (accessibility - permanence, non-erasure)
- Denial of Service Attacks
- Virus that deletes files
* Authentication (who created or sent the data)
- Non-repudiation (the buy-order is final) [attribution]
* Authorization (access control, prevent misuse of resources)
Ref: ISO X.800 and IETF RFC 2424 6

7. Availability Privacy Integrity, Authentication
Authentication, Authorization 7 7

8. Computer Emergency Response Team - see www.us-cert.gov
also see 8

9. Not included above: Theft of Services
Not included above: Theft of Services. Example, a botnet uses your computer to send spam , or participate in a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) 9

10. Without physical security (to critical areas), there is no security.
Wiring Closet
Rule 1:
Without physical security (to critical areas), there is no security. 10

11. 11

12. Authentication
Authorization
Logging 12

13. Security Standards Internet - Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
De Facto (PGP security system, Kerberos-MIT)
ITU (X.509 Certificates)
- not in book -
National Institute of Standards and Technology (SHA)
IEEE (802.3-Ethernet, Wireless LAN)
Department of Defense, Nat. Computer Security Center
Export Controls ( U.S. Dept. of Commerce)
- High Performance Computers
- Systems with “Hard” Encryption 13

14. Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
Virus - code that copies itself into other programs (usually riding on messages or attached documents (e.g., macro viruses).
Payload - harmful things it does, after it has had time to spread.
Worm - a program that replicates itself across the network (e.g., Saphire worm)
Trojan Horse - instructions in an otherwise good program that cause bad things to happen (sending your data or password to an attacker over the net).
Logic Bomb - malicious code that activates on an event (e.g., date).
Trap Door (or Back Door) - undocumented entry point written into code for debugging that can allow unwanted users.
Bot (robot) - a compromised host that is controlled remotely.
Bot Net (botnet) - many bots controlled by the same organization. 14

15. Virus Protection
Have a well-known virus protection program, configured to scan disks and downloads automatically for known viruses. Monthly (if not weekly) database updates are necessary.
Do not execute programs (or "macro's") from unknown sources (e.g., PS, JPEG, MS Office documents, Java, ...), if you can help it. Lately, downloaded image files can compromise your PC.
Avoid the most common operating systems and programs, if possible (I use MacOS, Ubuntu Linux, thunderbird and Apple mail). If you use Web Mail (integrated mail and browser programs) then turn off "automatically download from Web,” and use safe servers. 15

16. Password Gathering (Physical Security)
Look under keyboard, telephone etc.
Look in the Rolodex under “X” and “Z”
Call up pretending to be from “micro-support,” and ask for it.
“Snoop” a network and watch for plaintext passwords that go by.
Tap a phone line - but this requires a very special modem.
Use a “Trojan Horse” or “Bot” program, with a “key catcher”to record key stokes.
Social Engineering - phone or and pretend to be “PC support.” 16

17. The 5 Stages of a Classical Network Intrusion
1. Scan the network to:
• locate which IP addresses are in use,
• what operating system is in use,
• what TCP or UDP ports are “open” (being listened to
by Servers).
2. Run “Exploit” scripts against open ports
3. Get access to Shell program which is “suid” (has “root” privileges).
4. Download from Hacker Web site special versions of systems files that will let Cracker have free access in the future without his cpu time or disk storage space being noticed by auditing programs.
5. Use IRC (Internet Relay Chat) to invite friends to the feast, or join the host to a botnet. 17

18. Clicking on the Wrong Button can Compromise your PC
<- Example 18

19. From: insurance\@fdic. gov actually from 118. 223. 217. 179 =. @hanaro
From: actually from = (Seoul, KR)
To: xxx-ece.gatech.edu
Subject: FDIC Insurance
Date: Sat, 8 Jan :46: (EST)
To whom it may concern,
In cooperation with the Department Of Homeland Security, Federal, State and Local Governments your account has been denied insurance from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation due to suspected violations of the Patriot Act. While we have only a limited amount of evidence gathered on your account at this time it is enough to suspect that currency violations may have occurred in your account and due to this activity we have withdrawn Federal Deposit Insurance on your account until we verify that your account has not been used in a violation of the Patriot Act.
As a result Department Of Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge has advised the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to suspend all deposit insurance on your account until such time as we can verify your identity and your account information.
Please verify through our IDVerify below. This information will be checked against a federal government database for identity verification. This only takes up to a minute and when we have verified your identity you will be notified of said verification and all suspensions of insurance on your account will be lifted.
Failure to use IDVerify below will cause all insurance for your account to be terminated and all records of your account history will be sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington D.C. for analysis and verification. Failure to provide proper identity may also result in a visit from Local, State or Federal Government or Homeland Security Officials.
Donald E. Powell
Chairman Emeritus FDIC
link goes to: < 19

20. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) -> GPG
From "PGP Freeware for MacOS, User's Guide" Version 6.5, Network Associates, Inc., 20

21. Access Control
Yesterday almost all systems were protected only by a simple password that is typed in, or sent over a network in the clear. Techniques for guessing passwords (the common ones):
1. Try default passwords.
2. Try all short words, 1 to 3 characters long.
3. Try all the words in an electronic dictionary(60,000).
4. Collect information about the user’s hobbies, family names, birthday, etc.
5. Try user’s phone number, social security number, street address, etc.
6. Try all license plate numbers (123XYZ).
These can be automated and run off-line if the password hash file is obtained.
Prevention: Enforce good password selection (e.g.,
“c0p31an6-liKe5=Alvakad05” or “3Bm1ce-c-htr”) 21

22. Computer Infection Today
Today many system compromises start by the hacker getting a user to load and run a program that installs a network backdoor and automated software, which in turn loads additional software, making the computer into a "bot" (robot).
These bots join a peer-to-peer network, and can infect other computers directly over the network. They also can be commanded by the "bot master" to setup phony Web sites and send HTML s that download exploit software into other computers.
We'll discuss different attacks that are used to steal password and other identity information, and to misdirect Web browsers to phony Web sites. 22