2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS PERU PART 1: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN PERU FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES—HUAYCOS-- TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

4. PERU: ON THE SOUTH AMERICAN TECTONIC PLATE

5. Peru and other countries along the Pacific coast of South America are often affected by severe weather, especially during El Niño years, that lead to flooding and land slides.

6. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s atmospheric, hydrospheric, and lithospheric interactions cause FLOODS

7. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., floods, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

8. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

9. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

10. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

11. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

12. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

13. TOWARDS FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE

14. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL THE LIKELY FLOOD HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

15. PERU’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS FLOOD HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION FLOOD RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

16. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF FLOOD RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

17. FLOOD HAZARDS: ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

18. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS PROTECTION OF PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

19. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

20. WHAT WILL HAPPEN? WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF A FLOOD INTERACT WITH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF PERU’S COMMUNITIES

21. FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS ) TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE EROSION SCOUR MUDFLOWS

22. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

23. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL FLOODS TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

24. NOTE: PERU IS HOME TO SOME OF THE WORLD’S POOREST OF THE POOR WHO LIVE IN VULNERABLE HOUSING CONSTRUCTED OF ADOBE, OFTEN IN FLOOD PRONE LOATIONS LIKE THE PACIFIC COAST

25. PERU’S MOST NOTABLE FLOODS THE 1982-1983 EL NINO SEASON

26. NW PERU: LOCATION OF PIURA AND TUMBES

27. IMPACTS During the 1982-83 El Niño, two normally dry northern Peruvian regions, Piura and Tumbes, experienced heavy rain for nearly six months.

28. TUMBES: IMPACTS

29. IMPACTS In some regions where there had been no rain for 10 years, adobe buildings literally melted away in the downpour. Roads built on sand were eroded away. Water, electricity and drainage systems broke down.

30. ADOBE: HIGHLY VULNERABLE IN FLOODS

31. MACHU PICCHU AREA

32. TEMPORARY SHELTERS FOR EVACUEES

33. HEALTH IMPACTS A survey on health during the dry, first six months of 1982 compared with the wet conditions in 1983, showed that death rates from all causes increased by more than 90 percent in 1983.

34. HEALTH IMPACTS Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases increased sharply The death rate doubled in the 1- 4 years-old age group.

35. HEALTH IMPACTS The flooding, combined with an increase in temperature and humidity, let to a sharp increase in mosquito populations at the same time that flood damage to property caused an increase in exposure of humans to bites. The result was a malaria epidemic.

36. PERU’S NEXT FLOOD IS INEVITABLE THE PERUVIANS HAVE A MUCH BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE SINCE THE 1982-1983 FLOOD DISASTER

37. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLOOD DISASTER RESILIENCE REAL TIME WEATHER FORCASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., STREAM GAGUES) RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) REAL TIME WEATHER FORCASTING AND WARNING SYSTEMS MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., STREAM GAGUES) RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING) DATABASES MAPS: 100-YEAR AND 500-YEAR FLOODS FLOOD DISASTER SCENARIOS DRONE PLANES FOR MONITORING STATUS DATABASES MAPS: 100-YEAR AND 500-YEAR FLOODS FLOOD DISASTER SCENARIOS DRONE PLANES FOR MONITORING STATUS