1. Fixed end wave reflection Notable characteristics of the reflected pulse include: The speed of the reflected pulse is the same as the speed of the incident pulse. The wavelength of the reflected pulse is the same as the wavelength of the incident pulse. The amplitude of the reflected pulse is less than the amplitude of the incident pulse.

2. Free end Reflection The reflected pulse is not inverted.

3. Transmission of a Pulse Across a Boundary from Less to More Dense A portion of the energy carried by the incident pulse is reflected and returns towards the left end of the thin rope. The disturbance that returns to the left after bouncing off the boundary is known as the reflected pulse. A portion of the energy carried by the incident pulse is transmitted into the thick rope. The disturbance that continues moving to the right is known as the transmitted pulse.

4. Transmission of a Pulse Across a Boundary from More to Less Dense The transmitted pulse (in the less dense medium) is traveling faster than the reflected pulse (in the more dense medium). The transmitted pulse (in the less dense medium) has a larger wavelength than the reflected pulse (in the more dense medium). The speed and the wavelength of the reflected pulse are the same as the speed and the wavelength of the incident pulse.

5. The amount of energy carried by a wave is related to the amplitude of the wave. A high energy wave is characterized by a high amplitude; a low energy wave is characterized by a low amplitude. The energy transported by a wave is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave. This means that a doubling of the amplitude of a wave is indicative of a quadrupling of the energy transported by the wave. A tripling of the amplitude of a wave is indicative of a nine-fold increase in the amount of energy transported by the wave.amplitude Earthquakes and other geologic disturbances sometimes result in the formation of seismic waves. Seismic waves are waves of energy that are transported through the earth and over its surface. Earthquakes are given a Richter scale rating that indicates how intense the earthquake is.

7. Dispersion The separation of white light into its constituent colors. Red bends the least violet bends the most. Red has the largest wavelength and smallest frequency.

8. LASER The word laser originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The word light in this phrase is used in the broader sense, referring to electromagnetic radiation of any frequency, not just that in the visible spectrum. Hence there are infrared lasers, ultraviolet lasers, X-ray lasers, etc. Because the microwave equivalent of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices that emit microwave and radio frequencies are usually called masers. Principal components: 1. Gain medium 2. Laser pumping energy 3. High reflector 4. Output coupler 5. Laser beamOutput coupler

9. Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation frequencies From left to right: gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible spectrum, infrared, microwaves, radio waves.

10. Polarization Polarization blocks all directions of light except 1 direction. This proves that light has wavelike properties.