1. Stellar Parallax & Electromagnetic Radiation

2. Stellar Parallax Given p in arcseconds (”), use d=1/p to calculate the distance which will be in units “parsecs” By definition, d=1pc if p=1”, so convert d to A.U. by using trigonometry To calculate p for star with d given in lightyears, use d=1/p but convert ly to pc. Remember: 1 degree = 3600” Note: p is half the angle the star moves in half a year

3. Our Stellar Neighborhood

4. Scale Model If the Sun = a golf ball, then –Earth = a grain of sand –The Earth orbits the Sun at a distance of one meter –Proxima Centauri lies 270 kilometers (170 miles) away –Barnard’s Star lies 370 kilometers (230 miles) away –Less than 100 stars lie within 1000 kilometers (600 miles) The Universe is almost empty! Hipparcos satellite measured distances to nearly 1 million stars in the range of 330 ly almost all of the stars in our Galaxy are more distant

5. Luminosity and Brightness Luminosity L is the total power (energy per unit time) radiated by the star, actual brightness of star, cf. 100 W lightbulb Apparent brightness B is how bright it appears from Earth –Determined by the amount of light per unit area reaching Earth –B  L / d 2 Just by looking, we cannot tell if a star is close and dim or far away and bright

6. Brightness: simplified 100 W light bulb will look 9 times dimmer from 3m away than from 1m away. A 25W light bulb will look four times dimmer than a 100W light bulb if at the same distance! If they appear equally bright, we can conclude that the 100W lightbulb is twice as far away!

7. Same with stars… Sirius (white) will look 9 times dimmer from 3 lightyears away than from 1 lightyear away. Vega (also white) is as bright as Sirius, but appears to be 9 times dimmer. Vega must be three times farther away (Sirius 9 ly, Vega 27 ly)

8. Distance Determination Method is (L)Understand how bright an object is (L) appears (B)Observe how bright an object appears (B) Calculate how far the object is away: B  L / d 2 So L/B  d 2 or d  √L/B

9. Homework: Luminosity and Distance Distance and brightness can be used to find the luminosity: L  d 2 B So luminosity and brightness can be used to find Distance of two stars 1 and 2: d 2 1 / d 2 2 = L 1 / L 2 ( since B 1 = B 2 ) i.e. d 1 = (L 1 / L 2 ) 1/2 d 2

10. Homework: Example Question Two stars -- A and B, of luminosities 0.5 and 2.5 times the luminosity of the Sun, respectively -- are observed to have the same apparent brightness. Which one is more distant? Star A Star B Same distance

11. Homework: Example Question Two stars -- A and B, of luminosities 0.5 and 2.5 times the luminosity of the Sun, respectively -- are observed to have the same apparent brightness. How much farther away is it than the other? L A /d 2 A = B A =B B = L B /d 2 B  d B = √L B /L A d A  Star B is √5=2.24 times as far as star A

12. “Light” – From gamma-rays to radio waves The vast majority of information we have about astronomical objects comes from light they either emit or reflect Here, “light” stands for all sorts of electromagnetic radiation A type of wave, electromagnetic in origin Understanding the properties of light allows us to use it to determine the –temperature –chemical composition –(radial) velocity of distant objects

13. Waves Light is a type of wave Other common examples: ocean waves, sound A disturbance in a medium (water, air, etc.) that propagates Typically the medium itself does not move much

14. Wave Characteristics Wave frequency: how often a crest washes over you Wave speed = wavelength ( )  frequency (f)

15. Electromagnetic Waves Medium = electric and magnetic field Speed = 3  10 5 km/sec

16. Electromagnetic Spectrum Energy: low  medium  high

17. Electromagnetic Radiation: Quick Facts There are different types of EM radiation, visible light is just one of them EM waves can travel in vacuum, no medium needed The speed of EM radiation “c” is the same for all types and very high (  light travels to the moon in 1 sec.) The higher the frequency, the smaller the wavelength ( f = c) The higher the frequency, the higher the energy of EM radiation (E= h f, where h is a constant)

18. Visible Light Color of light determined by its wavelength White light is a mixture of all colors Can separate individual colors with a prism

19. Three Things Light Tells Us Temperature –from black body spectrum Chemical composition –from spectral lines Radial velocity –from Doppler shift

20. Temperature Scales FahrenheitCentigradeKelvin Absolute zero  459 ºF  273 ºC 0 K Ice melts32 ºF0 ºC273 K Human body temperature 98.6 ºF37 ºC310 K Water boils212 ºF100 ºC373 K

21. WUP: What is the Blackbody Curve and how does it depend on temperature? jj: The blackbody curve describes the distribution of reemitted radiation from a blackbody (an object that absorbs and reemits all radiation falling upon it. The peak of the frequency on a blackbody curve is directly proportionate to to the temperature. K: Blackbody curve is an idealized body that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation. It needs to remain at a constant temperature but the spectrum is determined by the temperature alone. As the temperature decreases so does the intensity and its peak will move to a longer wavelength.

22. Black Body Spectrum Objects emit radiation of all frequencies, but with different intensities Higher Temp. Lower Temp. I peak f peak <f peak <f peak

23. Cool, invisible galactic gas (60 K, f peak in low radio frequencies) Dim, young star (600K, f peak in infrared) The Sun’s surface (6000K, f peak in visible) Hot stars in Omega Centauri (60,000K, f peak in ultraviolet) The higher the temperature of an object, the higher its I peak and f peak 14

24. Wien’s Law The peak of the intensity curve will move with temperature, this is Wien’s law: Temperature * wavelength = constant = 0.0029 K*m So: the higher the temperature T, the smaller the wavelength, i.e. the higher the energy of the electromagnetic wave

25. Example Peak wavelength of the Sun is 500nm, so T = (0.0029 K*m)/(5 x 10 -7 m) = 5800 K Instructor temperature: roughly 100 °F = 37°C = 310 K, so wavelength = (0.0029K*m)/310 K = 9.35 * 10 -6 m = 9350 nm  infrared radiation ≈ 10 μm = 0.01 mm

26. Measuring Temperatures Find maximal intensity  Temperature (Wien’s law) Identify spectral lines of ionized elements  Temperature

27. Color of a radiating blackbody as a function of temperature Think of heating an iron bar in the fire: red glowing to white to bluish glowing