1. Sport and Social Control The Public School Influence

2. The Clarendon Commission Report Clarendon Commission was the OFSTED of the nineteenth century. Clarendon Commission was the OFSTED of the nineteenth century. The report looked into the management of a number of different schools and colleges. The report looked into the management of a number of different schools and colleges. The commission reported on nine schools, which became known as the Clarendon Schools. They were? The commission reported on nine schools, which became known as the Clarendon Schools. They were? The report stated that public school education built character in pupils. The report stated that public school education built character in pupils. the commission recognised the value of organised games in character building. the commission recognised the value of organised games in character building.

3. Clarendon Schools Eaton Eaton Harrow Harrow Rugby Rugby Shrewsbury Shrewsbury Winchester Winchester Charterhouse Charterhouse Westminster Westminster St Paul’s St Paul’s Merchant Taylor Merchant Taylor

4. The emphasis was placed on the ability to take knocks and show courage rather than development of sporting skills. The emphasis was placed on the ability to take knocks and show courage rather than development of sporting skills. The commissioners saw cricket and football fields as places where valuable social and manly qualities were developed. For this reason they saw little value in gymnastics and military drills. The commissioners saw cricket and football fields as places where valuable social and manly qualities were developed. For this reason they saw little value in gymnastics and military drills.

5. Athleticism “Athleticism is fanatical devotion to sport which produces team spirit and group loyalty. It is also character building and promotes self discipline.” “Athleticism is fanatical devotion to sport which produces team spirit and group loyalty. It is also character building and promotes self discipline.”

6. Values Linked to Athleticism Physical Benefits: Physical Benefits: Health (exercise/fresh air) Health (exercise/fresh air) An invigorating, competitive experience reflecting society. An invigorating, competitive experience reflecting society. Toughen up (be stronger) Toughen up (be stronger) Break from study, ie to correct temptation to over study (be an all-rounder) Break from study, ie to correct temptation to over study (be an all-rounder) Promoting vigour (pleasure in physical endeavour) Promoting vigour (pleasure in physical endeavour)

7. Values Continued: Temperament Benefits: Temperament Benefits: Teamwork Teamwork Conforming (play the game as you would play to life’s rules) Conforming (play the game as you would play to life’s rules) Leadership Leadership Respect Respect Play to one’s best; win well and lose with dignity Play to one’s best; win well and lose with dignity High moral integrity High moral integrity Social Cohesion (harmony from a team) Social Cohesion (harmony from a team) Halo effect (sports star as someone to aspire to) Halo effect (sports star as someone to aspire to)

8. The Values that Influenced the Development of Athleticism The society of the late nineteenth century had very strong moral and religious beliefs. These gave rise to a set of sport-related values concerned with: The society of the late nineteenth century had very strong moral and religious beliefs. These gave rise to a set of sport-related values concerned with: Bravery and manliness Bravery and manliness Winning gracefully/by fair means – keeping to the rules, losing with honour. Winning gracefully/by fair means – keeping to the rules, losing with honour. Putting the good of the team before oneself. Putting the good of the team before oneself.

9. Development of Athleticism continued: As a development from this, sport therefore began to be encourage as a form of physical religion, often called “muscular Christianity”. Sport was played as a celebration of God. A link between manliness and godliness was therefore made. As a development from this, sport therefore began to be encourage as a form of physical religion, often called “muscular Christianity”. Sport was played as a celebration of God. A link between manliness and godliness was therefore made. Headmasters of public schools recognised that games could prepare their boys for adult life. Headmasters of public schools recognised that games could prepare their boys for adult life.

10. Physical and Moral Benefits Physical Physical Health Health Activity Activity Move form studying Move form studying Toughen up an indulgent society Toughen up an indulgent society Moral Social cohesion Respect for authority Development of leadership Response to leadership

11. The Influence of Athleticism Development of middle class sport: Development of middle class sport: Middle class built schools based on those of the gentry. Middle class built schools based on those of the gentry. Enthusiasm for sport was carried into adulthood. Enthusiasm for sport was carried into adulthood. Important role in developing leadership and organisational qualities in pupils. Important role in developing leadership and organisational qualities in pupils. Mixing between the middle class and the gentry occurred at university. Mixing between the middle class and the gentry occurred at university.

12. The Spread of Athleticism Factories – industrialist’s sons spread athleticism spread athleticism to the workforce as the benefits of sport became more apparent. Factories – industrialist’s sons spread athleticism spread athleticism to the workforce as the benefits of sport became more apparent. Church – the values of the church were seen to be upheld in sport. Clerics spread it to their communities, church groups or the YMCA. Led to teams of parishioners. Church – the values of the church were seen to be upheld in sport. Clerics spread it to their communities, church groups or the YMCA. Led to teams of parishioners. Army – As the British Empire grew, sport was taken all over the world. Army – As the British Empire grew, sport was taken all over the world.

13. Athleticism continued: Universities – Old boys and girls went to universities from public schools and expanded the number of clubs, established governing bodies and codified sport. Universities – Old boys and girls went to universities from public schools and expanded the number of clubs, established governing bodies and codified sport. Schools – teachers encouraged athleticism within schools. Schools – teachers encouraged athleticism within schools.