1. EVSC 237: ECOTOURISM

2. Chapter 12 Difficulty of defining tourism “There is no accepted definition of what constitutes the industry; any definition runs the risk of either overestimating or underestimating economic activity. At its simplest, the industry is one that gets people from their home to somewhere else (and back), which provides lodging and food for them while they are away. But that does not get you far. For example, if all the sales of restaurants were counted as travel and tourism, the figure would be artificially inflated by sales to locals. But to exclude all restaurant sales would be just as misleading.” - The Economist. 1991

3. Chapter 13 A distinct tourism discipline… (Leiper, 1981): 1.A dynamic human element 2.A generating region 3.A transit region 4.A destination region 5.The tourist industry Matheison and Wall (1982) 1.A dynamic element (travel to a selected destination) 2.A static element (which involves a stay at the destination) 3.A consequential element (effects on the economic, social, and physical subsystems)

4. Chapter 14 Defining tourism… Fennell (2003)  “the interrelated system that includes tourists and the associated services that are provided and used (facilities, attractions, transportation, and accommodation) to aid in their movement World Tourism Organization  A tourist… “a person traveling for pleasure for a period of at least one night, but not more than one year for international tourists and six months for persons traveling in their own countries.”

5. Chapter 15 Tourism Attractions What are these attractions?  Cultural  Natural  Events  Recreation  Entertainment

6. Chapter 16 How to study touristic attractions? MacCannell (1989):  empirical relationships between a tourist, a site and a marker Lew (1987): 1.Ideographic: concrete uniqueness of a site 2.Organizational: size of the area 3.Cognitive: the feeling of being a tourist Leiper (1990) 1.A person with touristic needs 2.A nucleus 3.At least one market

7. Chapter 17 What is the ‘attraction’ in wildlife tourism?

8. Chapter 18 Mass and Alternative Tourism … “Tourism has been both lauded and denounced for its ability to develop and therefore transform regions into completely different settings.” Explain … Other critiques of mass tourism:  Very little money spent within the destination actually stays and generates more income  Not always operated with the interests of local people and resource base in mind

9. Chapter 19 Consequently… Alternative tourism  Forms of tourisms that advocate an approach opposite to mass conventional tourism  To ensure that tourism policies no longer concentrate on economic and technical necessities alone  To ensure that tourism policies emphasize the demand for an unspoiled environment and consideration of the needs of local people

10. Chapter 110 Advantages of Alternative Tourism 1.Channels revenue directly to families (housing) 2.Generates revenue for local community 3.Avoids leakage of revenue outside host country 4.Suits cost-conscience travelers or those preferring close contact with locals 5.Promotes international-interregional- intercultural understanding

11. Chapter 111 Advantages of Alternative Tourism Accommodation Attractions Market Economic Impact Regulation

12. Chapter 112 Sustainable Development & Tourism What is development… ? What is sustainable development … ?

13. Chapter 113 Success of sustainable tourism… McCool (1995): humans must consider the following: 1.How tourists value and use natural environments 2.How communities are enhanced through tourism 3.Identification of tourism’s social and ecological impacts 4.Management of tourism’s impacts Note: know both table 1.2 (page 10) and table 1.3 (page 11)

14. Chapter 114 Sustainable Tourism… Resources Tourism Concern http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/ http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/ Tourism Industry Association of Canada http://www.tiac-aitc.ca/ http://www.tiac-aitc.ca/ Federation of Nature and National Parks of Europe http://www.europarc.org/http://www.europarc.org/ Others: World Tourism Organisation: http://www.world-tourism.org/ http://www.world-tourism.org/ Consultancy: http://www.sustainabletourism.net/ http://www.sustainabletourism.net/

15. Chapter 115 Sustainability … More than simply one aspect of the industry  Accommodation  Attractions and facilities  Transportation  Tourism: product/behavior See Case Study 1.1 for example

16. Chapter 116 Mass Tourism, AT, and sustainability Mass tourism:  predominantly unsustainable  new developments Alternative tourism:  Theoretically, sustainable in nature 1.Socio-cultural tourism 2.Ecotourism