1. 1 GROSS ANATOMY OF SUPRARENAL GLAND Lecture By Prof. Ansari 30/04/08…Wednesday…8.30-9.30am (for BDS students only)

2. 2 Objectives Location Gross features Blood supply Hormones released Clinical conditions

3. 3 location The adrenal, or suprarenal, glands are located near the top of each kidney. These glands produce hormones that you can't live without, including sex hormones and cortisol, which helps you respond to stress and has many other functions.

4. 4 Gross features The right gland is tetrahedral in shape and lies lower than the left, which is semilunar in shape and usually the larger of the two. Each gland weighs approximately 5 grams and measures approximately 50mm vertically, 30mm across and 10mm thick. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries. thoracic vertebraadrenal arteries

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6. 6 Blood supply The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenicsuperior suprarenal arteryinferior phrenic The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aortamiddle suprarenal arteryabdominal aorta The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal arteryinferior suprarenal arteryrenal artery Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins: Venous suprarenal veins The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cavaright suprarenal veininferior vena cava The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein.left suprarenal veinrenal vein inferior phrenic vein The suprarenal veins receive blood may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veinssuprarenal veinsanastomosesinferior phrenic veins

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8. 8 Hormones released are Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Adrenaline Nor-adrenaline

9. 9 Adrenal gland has outer cortex and inner medulla

10. 10 HISTOLOGICAL ZONES

11. 11 The most important mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which regulates the resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the tubules of the kidney. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona glomerulosa.

12. 12 The most important glucocorticoids is cortisol. Glucocorticoids are produced in the zona fascicularis and reticularis.

13. 13 Small amounts of androgens, oestrogens and progesterone are also produced. Sex hormones are produced in the zona reticularis.

14. 14 The adrenaline and noradrenaline- producing cells are there in medulla. Tumour of the medulla causes pheochromocytoma, a malignant tumor producing hypertension, headache, &

15. 15 Pheochromocytoma. Symptoms: # Headache # Diaphoresis # Palpitations # Tremor # Nausea # Weakness # Anxiety, sense of doom # Epigastric pain # Flank pain # Constipation # Weight loss

16. 16 Clinical conditions Hypersecretions leads to Cushing’s syndrome. Hyposecretions leads to Addison’s disease.

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18. 18 Addison’s disease Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency caused by bilateral tuberculosis, aplasia, atrophy, or degeneration of the adrenal glands. Symptoms include severe weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, digestive disturbances, hypoglycemia, lowered resistance to infection, and abnormal pigmentation (bronze color of the skin, with associated melanotic pigmentation of mucus membrane and gingiva).

19. 19 Gingival pigmentation in Addisson’s disease

20. 20 CUSHING SYNDROME

21. 21 Thank you