1. Modern Age 1910 – 1930

2. Age of: Extremes Extremes Rapid Change Rapid Change Clashing Values Clashing Values

3. Historical, Social, and Cultural Forces World War I – World War I – violence caused many to lose faith in traditional values Roaring Twenties Roaring Twenties booming economy jazz National Prohibition Act 1919 rise of gangsters Women’s Rights Women’s Rights Nineteenth Amendment gives women right to vote (1920)

4. The Great Migration The Great Migration African Americans move to northern cities (Harlem in New York City) Popular Culture Popular Cultureautomobilesradiosmovies The Great Depression The Great Depression stock market crash on October 29, 1929 by 1933 approximately 25% of Americans were unemployed

5. Big Ideas New Poetics New Poetics Modern Fiction Modern Fiction Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance

6. New Poetics Modernism – experimental methods for writing poetry Modernism – experimental methods for writing poetry (linked to Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson) Imagists – rely on imagery (not description and rhyme) Imagists – rely on imagery (not description and rhyme) Breaking the rules – literary conventions – especially: arrangement of words Breaking the rules – literary conventions – especially: arrangement of wordspunctuationcapitalization (new uses of typography and layout) Robert Frost – a traditionalist Robert Frost – a traditionalist

7. Modern Fiction The “Lost Generation” – term for post- WWI feeling of uncertainty and loss of faith in United States society The “Lost Generation” – term for post- WWI feeling of uncertainty and loss of faith in United States society Themes of change, indecision, and broken attachments Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway The Jazz Age - F. Scott Fitzgerald The Jazz Age - F. Scott Fitzgerald

8. The Harlem Renaissance Influenced by Blues and Jazz Influenced by Blues and Jazz Strong identity with neighborhood Strong identity with neighborhood Race and the deferred dream Race and the deferred dream African American Folklore African American Folklore

9. Carl Sandburg 1878 – 1967 1878 – 1967 Grew up in Galesburg, Illinois Grew up in Galesburg, Illinois 8th grade education 8th grade education At 19 he became a hobo – hitching rides on freight trains At 19 he became a hobo – hitching rides on freight trains Fought in Spanish-American War Fought in Spanish-American War Moved to Chicago Moved to Chicago Known as “the bard of the Midwest” Known as “the bard of the Midwest”

10. Characteristics of his poetry: For common people For common people Written in free verse Written in free verse Uses rhythms of everyday speech Uses rhythms of everyday speech Democratic subjects and themes Democratic subjects and themes Colorful use of sayings and anecdotes Colorful use of sayings and anecdotes

11. Won Pulitzer Prize – twice

12. Wrote “Chicago” “Chicago” “grass” “grass”

13. Literary elements Free Verse (review) Free Verse (review) Apostrophe – A figure of speech in which speaker addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or an absent person. Apostrophe – A figure of speech in which speaker addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or an absent person.

14. Robert Frost 1874 – 1963 1874 – 1963 A Modern Age poet who wrote in traditional style A Modern Age poet who wrote in traditional style 4 time Pulitzer Prize winner 4 time Pulitzer Prize winner Poetry consultant to the Library of Congress Poetry consultant to the Library of Congress At age 86, recited his poem “The Gift Outright” at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration At age 86, recited his poem “The Gift Outright” at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration A farmer and teacher A farmer and teacher

15. wrote “Mending Wall” “Mending Wall” “Birches” “Birches” “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” “Acquainted with the Night” “Acquainted with the Night” “The Death of the Hired Man” “The Death of the Hired Man” “The Gift Outright” “The Gift Outright”

16. Literary elements Blank Verse –Poetry or lines of dramatic verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Because it may attempt to imitate spoken English, every line need not be perfectly regular. Blank Verse –Poetry or lines of dramatic verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Because it may attempt to imitate spoken English, every line need not be perfectly regular. Rhyme Scheme (review) Rhyme Scheme (review) Dramatic Poetry – Poetry in which characters are revealed through dialogue, a monologue, as well as through description. Example: Robert Frost’s “Death of a Hired Man.” Dramatic Poetry – Poetry in which characters are revealed through dialogue, a monologue, as well as through description. Example: Robert Frost’s “Death of a Hired Man.”

17. Ernest Hemingway 1899 – 1961 1899 – 1961 Activities he enjoyed: Activities he enjoyed: Fishing (deep-sea) Fishing (deep-sea) Hunting (big game in Africa) Hunting (big game in Africa) Bull fighting (in Spain) Bull fighting (in Spain) Boxing Boxing Was rejected by the Army in WWI – became volunteer ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy Was rejected by the Army in WWI – became volunteer ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy A reporter for Kansas City Star and Toronto Star A reporter for Kansas City Star and Toronto Star Lived in Paris and Spain – a member of “the lost generation” Lived in Paris and Spain – a member of “the lost generation” Won the Nobel Prize for Literature Won the Nobel Prize for Literature

18. wrote The Sun Also Rises The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms A Farewell to Arms The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea “In Another Country” “In Another Country”

19. Literary element style style

20. F. Scott Fitzgerald 1896 – 1940 1896 – 1940 Wrote about the Jazz Age Wrote about the Jazz Age Born in St. Paul, Minnesota Born in St. Paul, Minnesota Married Zelda Sayre Married Zelda Sayre Lived an extravagant lifestyle in US and Europe Lived an extravagant lifestyle in US and Europe Great Depression caused financial ruin Great Depression caused financial ruin Zelda suffered a series of nervous breakdowns Zelda suffered a series of nervous breakdowns Died in a hospital fire in North Carolina in 1948

21. wrote The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby “Winter Dreams” “Winter Dreams”

22. Literary element Motivation (review) Motivation (review)

23. Katherine Anne Porter 1890 – 1980 1890 – 1980 Influences of death on her writing: Influences of death on her writing: mother died before Katherine was 2 years old (lived with her grandmother) mother died before Katherine was 2 years old (lived with her grandmother) grandmother died when Porter was 11 grandmother died when Porter was 11 she was ill with tuberculosis (given only a few months to live) she was ill with tuberculosis (given only a few months to live) part of WWI flu epidemic (family finalized burial arrangements) part of WWI flu epidemic (family finalized burial arrangements)

24. Writing style: completely objective and “absent” point of view completely objective and “absent” point of view used stream of consciousness used stream of consciousness Won Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award Won Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award

25. wrote “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall” “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall”

26. Literary element Stream of consciousness – The literary representation of a character’s free- flowing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Stream-of-consciousness writing does not always employ conventional sentence structure or other rules of grammar and usage. “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall” by Katherine Anne Porter is an example of the usage of this technique. Stream of consciousness – The literary representation of a character’s free- flowing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Stream-of-consciousness writing does not always employ conventional sentence structure or other rules of grammar and usage. “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall” by Katherine Anne Porter is an example of the usage of this technique.

27. Langston Hughes 1902 – 1967 1902 – 1967 “The poet laureate of Harlem” “The poet laureate of Harlem” His writing celebrates the dignity of ordinary, working-class African Americans His writing celebrates the dignity of ordinary, working-class African Americans Wrote: “I, Too” and “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” Wrote: “I, Too” and “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”

28. Literary element Repetition – the recurrence of sounds, words, phrases, lines, or stanzas in a speech or literary work. Repetition increases the sense of unity in a work and can call attention to particular ideas. Repetition – the recurrence of sounds, words, phrases, lines, or stanzas in a speech or literary work. Repetition increases the sense of unity in a work and can call attention to particular ideas.