1. BY: DR. JAMALUDDIN BIN HJ. MUHAMAD
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
BY:
DR. JAMALUDDIN BIN HJ. MUHAMAD
PAKAR PERUNDING PEDIATRIK
HOSPITAL TUANKU FAUZIAH
KANGAR, PERLIS.

2. FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Water balance – controlling the solute concentration of the blood.
Uterine contractions and milk release-delivery of the newborn and breast milk flow
Growth, metabolism and tissue maturation-many tissues, adult features.
Ion regulations-regulates Na+, K+ and Ca2+ in the blood.
Heart rate and blood pressure regulation-for physical activity.
Blood glucose control
Immune system regulations
Reproductive functions control

3. Hormones
Defination: secreted by the endocrine glands (ductless gland), its effect away from the glands-target tissue.
Intracellular chemical signals transported in the blood.
Receptors-membrane bound. intracellular
Hormone bound with the receptor to produce effect.

4. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

5. Hormone – peptide / proteins
- steroids / lipid
Regulation of Hormone secretions some times regulated by other hormones
Other hormones:
Prostaglandins inflamation
Erythroproeitin production
Human chronic gonadotophris (placenta)

6. Hormones – protein, lipids or peptides
Protein / most peptide hormones bind to receptor on the cell membrane cause
Permeability changes
Production of intracellular chemical signals
Lipid – soluble hormones
eg: steroid and thyroid hormone
Effect : enter the cell and bind to receptor inside the cell effects.

7. REGULATOR OF HORMON SECRETION
Secretion of hormones is control by negative – feedback mechanism
Secretion of hormones controlled by
Chemical
Other hormones
Nervous system

8. PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS
Pituitary – infundibulum – brain.
Anterior and posterior pituitary
Section of hormones from anterior pituitary controlled by hormones from hypothalamus
Section of hormones from posterior pituitary control by action potentions caried by axchy from the hypothalamus.

9. Anterior pituitary :
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

10. POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMON :
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin
GH :
Increase protein synthesis
Breakdown of lipids
Glucose level
Somatic growth
TSH :
T4, T3 secretions

11. ACTH :
glucocorticoid secretion eg: cortisol
skin pigmentation
MSH :
melanin production
LH :
Ovulation progesterone production;
testosterone production

12. FSH :
Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovary ; sperm production
PROLACTIN :
Stemulates milk production
ADH :
water reabsorption (regulation of blood volume)

13. OXYTOCIN :
urine contraction
milk “let-down”
THYROID GLAND :
Thyroid hormones - thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Function :
metabolic rates
Normal process of growth and maturation

14. CALCITONIN :
parafollicular cells
Function :
Ca2+ level (resulate Ca2+ level)
rate of bone breakdown

15. PARATHYROID GLANDS :
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Function:
bone breakdown by osteoclasts
vitamin D synthesis
Ca2+ levels

16. ADRENAL :
Medulla - epinephrine, norepinephrine
Epinephrine, norepinephrine :
- cardiac output
- blood flow to skeletal muscles, heart,
glucose in the blood,
fatty acids
# prepare body for physical activity

17. ii) Cortex - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens
- Na+ reabsorption & water retention
- H2O Excretion (blood concentration)

18. PANCREAS Pancreas: insulin - glucose & amino acids
uptake in tissue (liver)
skeletal muscle,
adipose tissue
Islets of langerhans alpha cell glycogen
B cell insulin

19. b. Cortisol :
fat and protein breakdown
glucose (CHO metabolism)
- maintain blood pressure
- inhibit inflamation and immune response
c. Androgens :
female sexual drive, pubic hair and axillary hair growth

20. Glucogen glucogen breakdown
glucose level
Renin (pathway)
angiotensionogen
BP Renin
angiotensin I
angiotensin II aldosterone secretion
Vasocontraction BP Na+ retention
K+ excretion
H2O retention

21. Reproductive organs Testes Testosterone - sperm cell production
- maintenance of
functional reproductive
organs, secondary sexual
characteritics
- male sex behavior
Ovaries Estrogen & Uterine and mammary gland
progesterone development & function
- external genitalia
- secondary sexual characteristic
- sexual behavior
- menstrual cycle

22. Thymus gland thymosin - promotes immune
system
development and
function
Pineal body melatonin - regulate the
onsent of puberty

23. Calcium Metabolism Calcium level is maintain If Ca2+ PTH secretion
calcitonin breakdown of bone matrix
secretion by osteoclasts
Ca2+ release
breakdown of Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys
bone maxtrix by Ca2+ reabsorption from small intestine
osteoclasts (through Vit. D)

24. If Ca2+ level stimulate parathyroid
gland
PTH secretions
calcitonin breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclast
secretion Ca2+ release
Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys
breakdown Vitamin D synthesis Ca2+
of bone matrix Absorption from the small intestine

25. Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
glucose pancreatic islets cells
insulin secretions
uptake of glucose by the
tissues
glucose glycogen (skeletal muscle, liver)
glucose adipose tissue
glucose level

26. glucose pancreatic islets cell
insulin secretions
Insulin is an anabolic hormone