1. UNIT 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration
BIG IDEA: Energy is produced and released by making and breaking chemical bonds

2. Think About It:
With your partner, come up with a list of activities that you do that requires energy
What gives us energy?

3. Energy
Directly or indirectly , all energy in living things comes from the sun

4. Obtaining Energy
Autotrophs
Organisms that are capable of making food (energy) from simple inorganic substances
EX: green plants, algae

5. Two Types of Autotrophs
1. Photoautotrophs: use carbon dioxide and light energy to drive reactions needed to make food

6. Next type…
2. Chemoautotrophs: utilize inorganic chemicals for the energy to drive food making reactions

7. Obtaining Energy Heterotrophs
Organisms that cannot make their own food (energy) and must depend on other plants or animals as food source (energy)
Examples: Humans, dogs, cats

9. Photosynthesis
Process of capturing energy of sunlight and transforming it into chemical energy
CO2 + H2O----glucose + O2

10. Photosynthesis Two stages
Light reactions- light energy is converted into chemical energy of two intermediate molecules
Calvin cycle-Organic molecules are formed from CO2

11. Photosynthesis
Sunlight, sometimes called white light, is a form of energy that travels in waves
Wavelength: the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave

13. Visible Light Spectrum
Depends on wavelength
Blue: 380 (nm)
Green: 500 (nm)
Yellow 560 (nm)
Light red: 600 (nm)
Darker red: 750 (nm)

14. Photosynthesis Pigments: absorb light
EX: a red object absorbs all the visible colors of the spectrum except red which is reflected and gives the object the red color

15. Types of Photosynthetic Pigments
Chlorophylls: absorb red and blue light, appear green
Carotenes: absorb blue, appear orange
Xanthophylls: appear yellow, may not be used to absorb light

16.                
The color of an egg yolk is from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin
The color of an egg yolk is from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin

17. CHLOROPLAST
Site of Photosynthesis

18. PARTS OF THE CHLOROPLAST
Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoids
Grana
Stroma

19. Parts of the Chloroplast
Thylakoid- Membrane of the thylakoid contains photosynthetic pigments; flattened sacs
Site of the light reactions

21. Parts of the Chloroplast
Grana- Stacks of thylakoids
Stroma-Region b/t grana
Site of the light independent reactions

23. Photosynthesis Reactions
Light Dependent Reactions-energy from light makes the reaction happen
Light Independent Reactions- Doesn’t need the energy from light to make the reaction happen but they do need products of the light reaction to proceed.

24. Steps in Light Dependent

25. Light Dependent Reactions- In the Chloroplast
Pigments in the photosynthetic membranes absorb light (pigments are located in Photosystem I & II
When the light hits the chlorophyll in Photosystem II the electrons become excited and jump up.

26. The electrons are captured by the electron transport chain.
We need to replace the electrons that are lost so we steal some from water . This breaks the water molecule apart forming H+ and O

27. As we transport electrons down the chain we use their energy to produce ATP
The electrons now go to Photosystem I and it loses electrons to NADP+ to make it NADPH.

28. The final products of the light reaction
At the end of the light reaction we have made
NADPH
ATP O2

29. Reactants used during the light reaction
Water
Also used sunlight

30. Light independent reaction ( Calvin Cycle)
A. Use CO2 , ATP, NADPH
B. Uses products from light reaction (Light is not necessary for this reaction)
C. Location stroma

31. Steps in Light Independent Reaction:
6 CO2 reacts with the sugar, ribulose phophate (RuBP)sugar called phosphoglycerate (PGA)
PGA12 phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
NADPH and ATP from light reaction provide energy for this step

32. Steps in Light Independent Reaction (con’t)
PGAL does 2 things:
Makes more RuBP to continue cycle (requires 10 PGAL to do this)
b. Form 1 glucose (requires 2 PGAL)

34. Concept Map
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
NADPH
ATP
Energy from
sunlight
to produce of
to produce
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
High-energy
sugars

35. Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Section 8-3
Light O2
Sugars
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Calvin
Cycle
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
ATP
NADPH

36. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
Four main types:
Light intensity
Temperature
Water
Mineral availability

37. Cellular Respiration Release of the energy stored in food
Occurs in the inside of the cells of both autotrophs and heterotrophs

38. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy released during cellular respiration is stored as ATP
Consists of adenine, ribose and three phosphates

39. How is energy stored in ATP?
Energy is stored in the bonds. Once a bond breaks (causing ATP to lose a phosphate group), there is a release of energy.

40. Release of Energy

41. Adenosine diphosphate or (ADP)
Two phosphate groups, adenine, and ribose
Where would the energy be in ADP

42. Two Types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration:
Occurs in presence of oxygen
Occurs in the mitochondria
Produces about 36 ATP

44. Second Type of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration:
Occurs without oxygen
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Produces 2 ATP

45. Which type of cellular respiration is more efficient?
Aerobic because it produces more ATP (more energy)

46. Two types of Anaerobic Respiration:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation: yeast produces alcohol
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation: muscles produces lactic acid when they don’t have enough oxygen

47. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
GLUCOSE+ 6O26 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (36 ATP)

48. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Opposite reactions
Let’s write the two reactions to see