1. Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants
Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 Energy Processing in Plants
Lesson 2 Plant Responses
Chapter Wrap-Up
Chapter Menu

2. What processes enable plants to survive?
Chapter Introduction

3. What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.
Chapter Introduction

4. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Plants do not carry on cellular respiration.
2. Plants are the only organisms that carry on photosynthesis.
3. Plants make food in their underground roots.
Chapter Introduction

5. Do you agree or disagree?
4. Plants do not produce hormones.
5. Plants can respond to their environments.
6. All plants flower when nights are 10–12 hours long.
Chapter Introduction

6. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC
Energy Processing in Plants
How do materials move inside plants?
How do plants perform photosynthesis?
What is cellular respiration?
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike, and how are they different?
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

7. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab
Energy Processing in Plants
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

8. Materials for Plant Processes
Xylem and phloem—the vascular tissue in most plants—transport materials throughout a plant.
Water flows inside xylem to all parts of a plant.
Most plants make their own food; a liquid sugar that moves out of food-making cells, enters phloem, and flows to all plant cells.
Lesson 1-1

9. Materials for Plant Processes (cont.)
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor pass into and out of a plant through tiny openings in leaves.
How do materials move through plants?
Lesson 1-1

10. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen.
photosynthesis
from Greek photo–, means “light”; and synthesis, means “composition”
Lesson 1-2

11. Photosynthesis (cont.)
Two types of mesophyll cells inside a leaf contain chloroplasts, the organelles where photosynthesis occurs.
Near the top surface of the leaf are palisade mesophyll cells, which are packed together.
Spongy mesophyll cells have open spaces between them, and gases needed for photosynthesis flow through the spaces.
Lesson 1-2

12. Lesson 1-2

13. Photosynthesis (cont.)
In the first step of photosynthesis, plants capture the energy in light.
This occurs in chloroplasts, which contain plant pigments.
Chlorophyll, the most common plant pigment, is necessary for photosynthesis.
Lesson 1-2

14. Lesson 1-2

15. Photosynthesis (cont.)
Sugars are made in the second step of photosynthesis.
In chloroplasts, carbon dioxide and water are broken down and, using energy stored in chlorophyll, form sugar molecules.
Lesson 1-2

16. Photosynthesis (cont.)
What are the two steps of photosynthesis?
Lesson 1-2

17. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.
Glucose molecules break down during cellular respiration.
Plants produce sugar, but without cellular respiration, plants could not grow, reproduce, or repair tissues.
Lesson 1-3

18. Cellular Respiration (cont.)
What is cellular respiration?
Lesson 1-3

19. Cellular Respiration (cont.)
Most plants, some protists, and some bacteria carry on photosynthesis.
Most organisms carry on cellular respiration.
Life on Earth depends on a balance of these two processes.
Lesson 1-3

20. Lesson 1-3

21. Lesson 1-4

22. Cellular Respiration (cont.)
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike, and how are they different?
Lesson 1-4

23. Materials that a plant requires to survive move through the plant in the vascular tissue, xylem and phloem.
Plants can make their own food by using light energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Lesson 1 - VS

24. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration.
Lesson 1 - VS

25. Which term refers to the organelles where photosynthesis occurs?
A. palisade mesophyll cells
B. chlorophyll
C. chloroplasts
D. spongy mesophyll cells
Lesson 1 – LR1

26. Which process breaks down glucose molecules?
A. cellular respiration
B. light energy capture
C. first step of photosynthesis
D. second step of photosynthesis
Lesson 1 – LR2

27. Which have open spaces between them that gases flow through?
A. spongy mesophyll cells
B. palisade mesophyll cells
C. chloroplasts
D. chlorophyll
Lesson 1 – LR3

28. 1. Plants do not carry on cellular respiration.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. Plants do not carry on cellular respiration.
2. Plants are the only organisms that carry on photosynthesis.
3. Plants make food in their underground roots.
Lesson 1 - Now

29. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC
Plant Responses
How do plants respond to environmental stimuli?
How do plants respond to chemical stimuli?
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

30. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab
Plant Responses
stimulus
tropism
photoperiodism
plant hormone
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

31. Stimuli and Plant Responses
Stimuli are any changes in an organism’s environment that cause a response.
A plant responds to light by growing toward it.
Lesson 2-1

32. Environmental Stimuli
A tropism is a response that results in plant growth toward or away from a stimulus.
When the growth is toward a stimulus, the tropism is called positive.
Growth away from a stimulus is considered negative.
Lesson 2-2

33. The growth of a plant toward or away from light is a tropism called phototropism
Lesson 2-2

34. Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
tropism
from Greek tropos, means “turn” or “turning”
Lesson 2-2

35. Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
The response of a plant to touch is called a thigmotropism.
Special structures that respond to touch, called tendrils, can wrap around or cling to objects.
Lesson 2-2

36. Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
The response of a plant to gravity is called gravitropism.
Stems grow away from gravity, while roots grow toward gravity.
Lesson 2-2

37. Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
What types of environmental stimuli do plants respond to? Give three examples.
Lesson 2-2

38. Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
Photoperiodism is a plant’s response to the number of hours of darkness in its environment.
Plants that flower when exposed to less than hours of darkness are called long-day plants.
Lesson 2-2

39. Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
Short-day plants require 12 or more hours of darkness for flowering to begin.
Day-neutral plants flower when they reach maturity and the environmental conditions are right.
Lesson 2-2

40. The number of hours of darkness controls flowering in many plants.
Lesson 2-2

41. Chemical Stimuli
Plant hormones are substances that act as chemical messengers within plants.
Auxins are hormones responsible for phototropism.
They cause the cells on the dark side of the plant’s stem to grow longer.
Lesson 2-3

42. Chemical Stimuli (cont.)
The plant hormone ethylene helps stimulate the ripening of fruit.
Ethylene is a gas that can be produced by fruits, seeds, flowers, and leaves.
How do plants respond to the chemical stimuli, or hormones, auxin and ethylene?
Lesson 2-3

43. Chemical Stimuli (cont.)
Rapidly growing areas of a plant, such as roots and stems, produce gibberellins, which increase the rate of cell division and cell elongation.
Root tips produce cytokinins, a hormone that increases the rate of cell division and, in some plants, slows the aging process of flowers and fruits.
Lesson 2-3

44. Humans and Plant Responses
Humans make plants more productive by using plant hormones.
Some crops now are easier to grow because humans understand how plants respond to hormones.
Lesson 2-4

45. Plants respond to stimuli in their environments in many ways.
Lesson 2 - VS

46. Photoperiodism occurs in long-day plants and short-day plants
Photoperiodism occurs in long-day plants and short-day plants. Day- neutral plants are not affected by the number of hours of darkness.
Lesson 2 - VS

47. Plant hormones are internal chemical stimuli that produce different responses in plants.
Lesson 2 - VS

48. Which term refers to the growth of a plant toward or away from light?
A. phototropism
B. photoperiodism
C. gravitropism
D. thigmotropism
Lesson 2 – LR1

49. Which of the following helps stimulate the ripening of fruit?
A. auxins
B. cytokinins
C. ethylene
D. tendrils
Lesson 2 – LR2

50. Which refers to special plant structures that respond to touch?
A. roots
B. stems
C. leaves
D. tendrils
Lesson 2 – LR3

51. 4. Plants do not produce hormones.
Do you agree or disagree?
4. Plants do not produce hormones.
5. Plants can respond to their environments.
6. All plants flower when nights are 10–12 hours long.
Lesson 2 - Now

52. Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter Review Menu

53. Plants survive by maintaining homeostasis and responding to stimuli
Plants survive by maintaining homeostasis and responding to stimuli. In addition, they acquire the energy they need for life processes through photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
The BIG Idea

54. Lesson 1: Energy Processing in Plants
The vascular tissues in most plants, xylem and phloem, move materials throughout plants.
In photosynthesis, plants convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose through a series of chemical reactions. The process gives off oxygen.
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration can be considered opposite processes of each other.
Key Concepts 1

55. Lesson 2: Plant Responses
Although plants cannot move from one place to another, they do respond to stimuli, or changes in their environments. Plants respond to stimuli in different ways. Tropisms are growth responses toward or away from stimuli such as light, touch, and gravity. Photoperiodism is a plant’s response to the number of hours of darkness in its environment.
Plants respond to chemical stimuli, or plant hormones, such as auxins, ethylene, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Different hormones have different effects on plants.
Key Concepts 2

56. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor pass into and out of a plant through which part of a plant?
A. leaves
B. phloem
C. roots
D. xylem
Chapter Review – MC1

57. Water flows to all parts of a plant in which of these?
A. xylem
B. phloem
C. chloroplasts
D. chlorophyll
Chapter Review – MC2

58. Which term refers to a response that results in plant growth toward or away from a stimulus?
A. photoperiodism
B. photosynthesis
C. stimuli
D. tropism
Chapter Review – MC3

59. When the growth is toward a stimulus, what is the tropism referred to as?
A. negative
B. photoperiodism
C. photosynthesis
D. positive
Chapter Review – MC4

60. Which acts as chemical messengers in plants?
A. hormones
B. stoma
C. tendrils
D. xylem
Chapter Review – MC5

61. A. cellular respiration B. photosynthesis C. xylem D. phloem
Which term refers to a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose?
A. cellular respiration
B. photosynthesis
C. xylem
D. phloem
Chapter Review – STP1

62. Where does the first step of photosynthesis occur?
A. xylem
B. phloem
C. mesophyll cells
D. chloroplasts
Chapter Review – STP2

63. Which term describes any changes in an organism’s environment that cause a response?
A. tropism
B. gravitropism
C. phototropism
D. stimuli
Chapter Review – STP3

64. Short-day plants require how many hours of darkness for flowering to begin?
A. 12 or more
B. 10 to 12
C. 8 to 10
D. less than 8
Chapter Review – STP4

65. A growing ivy plant comes into contact with a brick building and begins to grow up the building. What is this response?
A. gravitropism
B. photoperiodism
C. phototropism
D. thigmotropism
Chapter Review – STP5