1. Lesson Overview
22.1 What is a Plant?

2. Characteristics of Plants
What do plants need to survive?
The lives of plants center on the need for sunlight, gas exchange, water, and minerals.

4. The Plant Kingdom
Plants are classified as members of the kingdom Plantae.
Plants are eukaryotes that have cell walls containing cellulose and carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b.

5. What Plants Need
All plants have the same basic needs: sunlight, a way to exchange gases with the surrounding air, water, and minerals.

6. Sunlight
Plants use the energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.
Leaves are typically broad and flat and are arranged on the stem so as to maximize light absorption.

7. Gas Exchange
Plants require oxygen to support cellular respiration, as well as carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis.
Plants must exchange these gases with the atmosphere and the soil without losing excessive amounts of water through evaporation.

8. Water and Minerals
Land plants have evolved structures that limit water loss and speed the uptake of water from the ground.
Minerals are nutrients in the soil that are needed for plant growth.

9. Many plants have specialized tissues that carry water and nutrients upward from the soil and distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body.

10. The History and Evolution of Plants
How did plants adapt to life on land?

11. The History and Evolution of Plants
How did plants adapt to life on land?
Over time, the demands of life on land favored the evolution of plants more resistant to the drying rays of the sun, more capable of conserving water, and more capable of reproducing without water.

12. Origins in the Water
The ancestors of today’s land plants were water-dwelling organisms similar to today’s green algae.
Although not as large and complex as many plants, green algae have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments that are identical to those of plants. Green algae also have reproductive cycles that are similar to plants.
Studies of the genomes of green algae suggest that they are so closely related to other plants that they should be considered part of the plant kingdom.

13. The First Land Plants
The greatest challenge that early land plants faced was obtaining water.
They met this challenge by growing close to the ground in damp locations.
Fossils suggest the first true plants were still dependent on water to complete their life cycles. One of the earliest fossil vascular plants was Cooksonia, shown here.

14. The First Land Plants
Several groups of plants evolved from the first land plants.
One group developed into mosses.
Another lineage gave rise to ferns, cone-bearing plants, and flowering plants.

15. An Overview of the Plant Kingdom
Botanists divide the plant kingdom into five major groups based on four important features: embryo formation, specialized water-conducting tissues, seeds, and flowers.

16. An Overview of the Plant Kingdom
The relationship of plant groups is shown below

17. The Plant Life Cycle
What feature defines most plant life cycles?

18. The Plant Life Cycle What feature defines most plant life cycles?
The life cycle of land plants has two alternating phases, a diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase.

19. The Plant Life Cycle
The life cycle of land plants has two alternating phases, a diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase.
The shift between the haploid phase and the diploid phase is known as the alternation of generations, as shown in the figure.

20. The Plant Life Cycle
The multicellular diploid phase is known as the sporophyte, or spore-producing plant.

21. The Plant Life Cycle
The multicellular haploid phase is known as the gametophyte, or gamete-producing plant.

22. The Plant Life Cycle
A sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis. These spores grow into multicellular structures called gametophytes.

23. The Plant Life Cycle
Each gametophyte produces reproductive cells called gametes—sperm and egg cells.
During fertilization, a sperm and egg fuse with each other, producing a diploid zygote that develops into a new sporophyte.

24. Trends in Plant Evolution
An important trend in plant evolution is the reduction in size of the gametophyte and the increasing size of the sporophyte.