1. Photosynthesis Chapter 8

2. 2 Photosynthesis Overview Energy for all life on Earth ultimately comes from photosynthesis. 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2 Photosynthesis is carried out by: Cyanobacteria,Some protists,+ Land plants

3. 3 Photosynthesis Overview Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. thylakoid membrane – arranged in flattened sacs -contain chlorophyll grana – stacks of thylakoids stroma – semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoids

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6. 6 Photosynthesis Overview Photosynthesis is divided into: light-dependent reactions -capture energy from sunlight -make ATP and reduce NADP + to NADPH carbon fixation reactions -use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO 2

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8. 8 Pigments photon: a particle of light -acts as a bundle of energy

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10. 10 Pigments Pigments: molecules that absorb visible light Each pigment has a characteristic absorption spectrum, the range it is capable of absorbing.

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12. 12 Pigments chlorophyll a – primary pigment -absorbs violet-blue and red light chlorophyll b – secondary pigment

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14. 14 Photosystem Organization A photosystem consists of 1. an antenna complex of hundreds of accessory pigment molecules 2. a reaction center of many chlorophyll a molecules Energy of electrons is transferred through antenna complex to reaction center.

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16. 16 Light-Dependent Reactions Light-dependent reactions = 4 stages: (AKA: Photophosphorolation) 1. primary photoevent – a photon of light captured by a pigment molecule 2. charge separation – energy is transferred to reaction center; an excited electron is transferred to acceptor molecule 3. electron transport – electrons move through carriers to reduce NADP + 4. chemiosmosis – produces ATP

17. 17 Light-Dependent Reactions In chloroplasts, two linked photosystems are: 1. photosystem I -reaction center pigment (P 700 ) with a peak absorption at 700nm 2. photosystem II -reaction center pigment (P 680 ) has a peak absorption at 680nm

18. 18 Light-Dependent Reactions Photosystem I -receives energy from antenna complex -energy shuttled to P 700 reaction center -excited electron transferred to electron carrier

19. 19 Light-Dependent Reactions ATP is produced via chemiosmosis (ETC) - ATP synthase embedded in thylakoid membrane -protons move into stroma through ATP synthase -ATP is produced from ADP + P i

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21. 21 Carbon Fixation Reactions To build carbohydrates, cells need: 1. energy -ATP from light-dependent reactions 2. reduction potential -NADPH from photosystem I

22. 22 Carbon Fixation Reactions (AKA: Dark Phase or Calvin cycle) -biochemical pathway that allows for carbon fixation -occurs in the stroma -uses ATP and NADPH as energy sources -incorporates CO 2 into organic molecules

23. 23 Carbon Fixation Reactions carbon fixation – the incorporation of CO 2 into organic molecules -occurs in the first step of the Calvin cycle ribulose-bis-phosphate + CO 2 2(PGA) 5 carbons 1 carbon 3 carbons

24. 24 Carbon Fixation Reactions The Calvin cycle has 3 phases: 1. carbon fixation RuBP + CO 2 2 molecules PGA 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP

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26. 26 Carbon Fixation Reactions During the Calvin cycle, energy is needed. The energy is supplied from: - 18 ATP molecules -12 NADPH molecules -All supplied by Light Phase

27. 27 Carbon Fixation Reactions The energy cycle: -photosynthesis uses the products of respiration as starting substrates -respiration uses the products of photosynthesis as starting substrates

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