1. Working Memory How it works

2. Working memory How long do items stay without rehearsal? Practice: Remember a group of letters: ‘XTMR’ count backwards by 3’s Are they still there?

3. Chunking Are experts smarter? Capacity of WM Expert chess players as an example The mystery of expertise

4. Practice Spontaneous rehearsal Intersperse lecture and lab Adapt practice to learner Respond to meaningful questions

5. Bypass Working Memory External support aids, references, embedded information Reference based training Relevant task and reference guide Provide conceptual and process information Case studies related to tasks

6. Bypass WM by automating knowledge and skills Practice

7. Reduce load by chunking information On pages and screens Sequencing information Integrate text, graphics, audio

8. Focus on Performance-Based knowledge and skills

9. Provide complete handouts

10. Provide worked examples

11. What happens when working memory gets filled up? 1.Clear by providing frequent rehearsal opportunities 2.Bypass through external memory resources or automation of knowledge 3.Reduce burden by information layout techniques 4.Reduce processing demand by providing instructional materials that do nonessential work for learner

12. How to manage overload Clear WM on a regular basis Bypass WM resource requirements Reduce WM load via information display Provide external processing support