1. NATIVE MICHIGAN COPPER by AL STIMAC

3. Native Copper One of the Few Metallic Elements to Occur in Uncombined Form as a Natural Mineral Occurs rarely as Isometric Cubic and Octahedral Crystals More Typically as Irregular Masses and Fracture Fillings

4. PERSPECTIVE Kennecott-Utah Copper Contains 0.5 to 0.8% Copper One 350 Ton Truck with O.6% Copper yields 3 Tons of Copper Michigan Copper is 2 to 100% Copper Depending on the Sample

5. KEWEENAW PENINSULA Northernmost point in Michigan Premier Mining Location from 1840 to 1968 Calumet was the second largest city west of Appalachians after Chicago at turn of the century At one time there was 1 stockbroker for every 26 residents of Calumet and area

6. Place Name Derivations Keweenaw – Indian for The Crossing Place Calumet – French for Pipe meaning Indian Peace Pipe Laurium – Mining City in Ancient Greece where Copper and Silver were Mined and Home of George Gipp and Al Stimac

11. THE PROLIFIC KEWEENAW 94.5% Cu Mined until 1929 came from a 3 mile by 26 mile strip between Mohawk and Painesdale Heyday was 1900-1918 Keweenaw District was Second Largest Producer of Copper in the World - 8.2 Billion Pounds Copper Mined - $325 Million in Dividends from 1845- today

13. Early Exploration Was Fostered By Ontonogan Boulder Circa 1670 explorers were viewing the boulder Ben Franklin Drew the Map of Settlement with Britain to Include Isle Royale After Michigan became a State in 1840 Douglass Houghton Led the Survey to The Keweenaw Legacy Short Lived - Drowned in 1845

15. ONTONOGAN BOULDER 3708 POUNDS

16. COPPER FORMATION IS CHEMICAL AND NOT VOLCANIC Hydrothermal Venting with Copper in Solution which Precipitated on Cooling Forming: Float Mass Amygdaloid Within other salts like calcite Fused with other metals like silver (half breed)

20. HALFBREED

21. DATOLITE WAS CONSIDERED A WASTE PRODUCT Porcelain-like Material Ranged in Size from Tiny to 140 lbs Calcium Boron Hydroxide Neosilicate Mineral Coloration Due to Inclusion of Copper or associated minerals from hydrothermal precipitation Caused Drills/Tools to Muck Up/Wear Out

25. MENARD MASS 18 TONS

26. QUINCY MASS 16 TONS

28. LARGE MASSES WERE CUT UNDERGROUND

29. Largest Mass Found in Minesota Mine in 1857 Estimated at 380 to 478 Metric Tons 52 ft x 16 ft x 9 ft 20 Men Took 15 Months to Blast, Hammer and Chisel it for Smelting Chisel Chips Alone Weighed 24 Metric Tons and Paid for Half the Labor

30. LATEST BOULDER FIND Offshore 1991 Seventeen Tons Removed in 2001 Destination Michigan Tech Mineral Museum at Quincy Steam Hoist

32. Boulders

34. 19 TH Century Mining Early Mines were located near Lake Superior for Transportation Purposes Significant Amounts of Lumber Were Required for Shoring Up Drifts Trains Came Later Mills and Smelters Followed Mechanical Drilling Followed 3 Man Hand Chiseling

37. Many Ethnic Groups Contributed to the Copper Industry Cornish Croatians Finns French Irish Swedes Italians Norse Germans Poles Slovenes Scots There were up to Four or Five Churches of the Same Faith for the Different Ethnic Groups

41. Cliff Mine Operated from 1846 to 1856 $108K Investment Yielded $3.8M

49. HORSEPOWER LITERALLY

51. Modern Mining Methods Allowed Deep Shafts Original Mines Tended to be Hill Sides/Shallow Pits Steam Power Offered Means to Lower Man Trams and Raise Ore Trams Typical Mine Depths Were 1 Mile Deep Quincy was Deepest Mine at 9000 Feet

54. Calumet & Hecla’s Quincy Mine

57. NORDBERG 2500 HP HOIST

58. QUINCY MINE HOIST 30 Foot Drum Held 10000 Feet 1-5/6 Inch Wire(27 Tons) Could Hoist 10 Ton Skips at 34 MPH Largest of Its Type in the World

61. MECHANICAL DRILL REPLACED TEAMS

64. PREHISTORIC COPPER DEMAND Evidence of Tribes from 10,000 Years ago Lake Superior Tribes of 2600 BC to 1200BC Most Likely mined 20 Million Pounds Max Estimates mined 940 Million Pounds Trading Power - Tools & Jewelry & Weapons Cosmological Belief in the Manitou Midwest – New England- Georgia Other

65. CARBON DATING ISLE ROYALE

71. HOPEWELL

72. Copper Utensils and Kharma Were Drivers Many artifacts have been found ranging from fishhooks and spears to pots, plates and jewelry Copper pieces were Trading Power Ritual Belief Led to Sacred Offerings to Manitou Michigan Copper found from North to Midwest to New England/Southeast Atlantic

73. WHERE WAS THIS OTHER MARKET DEMAND One Man’s Theory - Pre Phoenician (Minoan/Cretan) - Sea Faring Traders - Alphabet Based on Guttural Sounds - Religion with Monolithic Worship -Flourished from roughly 3000BC to 1200BC

75. MEGALITH TRACKS Cyprus/Crete Sicily Corsica Majorca Almeria Lisbon Britany Stonehenge(3100-1100BC) Belfast Hebrides/Orkneys Iceland Greenland Labrador New England Minnesota/Michigan

77. SWEDISH DOLMEN

78. SALEM NEW YORK DOLMEN

79. MINNESOTA DOLMEN

80. MICHIGAN DOLMEN

84. The Ship Wreck of Ulu Burun 14 th Century B.C Ship Wreck Found off Coast of Turkey 50 Feet Long with Wooden Hull and Planks Held with Mortis-and-Tenon Joints Held 200 Copper Ingots weighing 60 Lbs Each (Equivalent to the Ancient Talent)

85. Claims of Diffusionists Need to be Verified To date X-Ray Crystallography has not shown American Copper as the Source in European/Mid-East Artifacts DNA of Native Americans Needs Research to Establish Origins More Research on Trade Goods That Might Have Been Used with Pre-Historic Miners

86. COPPER - A QUESTION FOR THE ANCIENTS & THE FUTURE Plenty of Copper Left in the Copper Country What Might the Natives Think About Open Pit Mining (National Park Status) Go there Yourselves & Experience the Environment, Copper Mine Tours, Mineral Museum Stay Tuned to Copper Sourcing in Europe/Mid East

87. BIBLIOGRAPHY Mineralogical Record Volume 23 #2 March-April 1992 Michigan Copper Country Matrix-A Journal of the History of Minerals Winter 2001- 2002 Images of America – Houghton County 1870-1920 Wonderful Power – The Story of Ancient Copper Working in the Lake Superior Basin by Susan R. Martin 1995 The Hard Rock Mining Era in the Copper Country by Tauno Kilpela 1995 Calumet – Copper Country Metropolis

88. Bibliography continued Miskawabik – Red Metal (The Roles Played by Michigan’s Copper in Prehistoric America) by Halsey 1992 Boom Copper by Angus Murdoch 1943 Starnfers and Sojourners(A History of Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula) by Thurner 1994 Images of America Lake Superior Country 2002

89. Bibliography continued Cradle to Grave(Life Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines) by Lankton 1991 Prehistoric Copper Mining in the Lake Superior Region by Drier & Du Temple 2005 Ancient Mines of Kitchi-Gummi (Cyproit/Minoan Traders in North America) by Jewell 2004

90. Bibliography continued Michigan Copper The Untold Story by Rydholm 2006 Old Reliable an Illustrated History of the Quincy Mining Company Lankton & Hyde 1982