1. Copper Cycle Harvest Copper in Soil Plant Uptake Mining Processing of Copper Animal Uptake Human Consumption Fertilizers, Manures & Pesticides Literature Cited Cody Gray Tracey Johnston Gary Strickland Shawn Zupancic

2. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Release pH < 6 Complextion pH > 6 Leaching Clay & Organic Matter Adsorption pH >7 Desorption pH < 6 Dissolution Precipitation Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Weathering Mining Copper Cycle Front Page Info.

3. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Release pH < 6 Complextion pH > 6 Leaching Clay & Organic Matter Adsorption pH >7 Desorption pH < 6 Dissolution Precipitation Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Weathering Mining Copper Cycle Home

4. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Weathering Mining Copper Cycle Home

5. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Dissolution Precipitation Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

6. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

7. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

8. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

9. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle HomeInfo.

10. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

11. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Release pH < 6 Complextion pH > 6 Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

12. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Leaching Clay & Organic Matter Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

13. Soluble Cu 2+ & Chelated Cu under extreme conditions Soil Solution: Cu 2+ and soluble Cu Plant Uptake Plant Residues Soil Microbes Microbial Residue Organo-metallic Complexes Clay & Organic Matter Adsorption pH >7 Desorption pH < 6 Hydrous Oxides & Carbonates Parent Material Mining Copper Cycle Home

14. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell 0.5 0.1 - 0.3 0.6 - 1.6 Copper Cycle Front Page Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

15. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell 0.1 - 0.3 0.6 - 1.6 Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

16. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

17. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

18. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

19. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

20. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell 0.1 - 0.3 0.6 - 1.6 Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

21. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

22. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell 0.5 Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

23. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

24. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

25. Direct-reading Fraction 0.2 Dietary Copper 2.0 - 5.0 Intestine Feces 2.0 - 5.0 Liver 8.0 Ceruloplasmin 2.8 Urine 0.01 -0.06 Kidney 0.6 Nonerythrocuprein 0.8 Erythrocuprein 1.3 Bone Marrow Tissues 66 Red Blood Cell 0.5 Copper Cycle Home Numbers in boxes refer to mg of Cu in the pool. Numbers next to arrows refer to mg Cu transversing the pathway each day.

26. Role of Copper in Microbial growth: Used in electron transport. Back

27. Copper in the Soil Form taken up by the plant: Cu 2+ Mobility in the soil: Immobile, pH dependent, forms strong complexes with organic matter, oxides of Fe, Al, Mn, phenolic carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and clay minerals. Undergoes specific adsorption. Can be isomorphically substituted for Fe or Mn. Cu can leach through the soil profile in humus-poor, acidic peat, or in very acidic mineral soils, such as those around Ni and Cu smelters. Concentrations of natural Cu in soil is 34 t0 55 ppm. HomeNext

28. Copper in the Soil Interactions with other nutrients: Nitrogen and phosphorus (especially where Cu deficiencies exist), sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum Effect of pH on availability: –high pH (> 7.0) Formation of hydrolysis products which adsorb to exchange sites (lower availability), CuOH + is the primary form. –middle pH (6.9 - 7.0) Predominate form is Cu(OH) 2 0. –low pH (< 6.0) Exchange sites taken up by Al 3+ and H + allowing the Cu 2+ form to remain soluble. HomeBack

29. Fertilizer sources: Copper sulfate, copper nitrate, copper chelate, copper ammonium phosphate, copper carbonate, animal waste, copper hydroxide, copper acetate, copper oxalate, copper oxychloride, copper polyflavanoids, copper-sulfur frits, copper- glass fusions, chalcanthite, azurite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, tenorite, cuprite (Loneragan, 1998) Pesticide uses: Kopertox, Kocide, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper chlorides, cupric hydroxide, copper oxides, miscellaneous other copper sources Home

30. Copper in Plants Form taken up by the plant: Cu 2+ Mobility in the plant: Immobile Concentration in plants: 2-30 ppm dry weight (Adriano, 1986); 5-20 ppm (Tisdale, 1985) Role of nutrient in plant growth: Copper can not be replaced by another metal ion in its involvement in enzymes. It is required for synthesis of quinones in chloroplasts, and makes up the electron transporter, plastocyanin in photosystem II. HomeNext

31. Copper in Plants Deficiency symptoms: Stunted growth, terminal dieback first in young shoots, necrosis of the apical meristem, bleaching of young leaves, impaired lignification of cell wall, impaired pollen formation and fertilization, delayed flowering and maturation, shortened internodes, stem deformation, yellowing, curling of leaves, seed and fruit growth dramatically reduced Toxicity symptoms: Stunting, reduced shoot vigor, reduced branching, thickening, poorly developed and discolored roots, leaf chlorosis resemble Fe defiencies BackNext

32. Copper in Plants Enzymes containing Cu: Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD), Cytochrome oxidase, Ascorbate oxidase, Phenol oxidase, Trysinase, Laccase, Diamine oxidase, Plastocyanine, Amine oxidase, Stellacyanin Copper tolerance: binding to cell wall, restricted influx through plasma membrane, active efflux, compartmentation in vacuole, chelation at the cell wall-plasma membrane interface, chelation in the cytoplasm HomeBack

33. Materials made from Copper The Copper Page Home

34. Copper in Animals Tissue distribution: –highest concentrations liver, kidneys, heart, pigmented part of the eye, and hair or wool –mediumconcentrations pancreas, spleen, muscles, skin and bone –lowest concentrations thyroid, pituitary, and thymus Transport and tissue utilization: Cu is loosely bound to plasma albumin and is distributed to the tissues and taken up by the bone marrow in red blood cell formation. Home Next

35. Copper in Animals Functions: activity of enzymes associated with Fe metabolism, elastin and collagen formation, melanin production, integrity of the central nervous system, red blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), lysyl oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, ferroxidase, tyrosinase, normal hair and wool pigmentation (polyphenyl oxidase), incorporation of disulfide groups into keratin in wool and hair Next Back

36. Copper in Animals Absorption: Absorption is species dependent mainly from the jejunum, duodenum, small intestine, or colon. Excretion: Bile is the major pathway. Smaller amounts are lost in feces, urine, and sweat. Deficiency signs: decline in tissue and blood Cu concentration, incoordination, ataxia, bone abnormalities, hair and wool fail to develop normally, cardiovascular lesions and hemorrhages, fetal death Next Back

37. Copper in Animals Toxicity: Sheep and calves appear to be more susceptible to Cu toxicity than other species. Observations include hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and tissue necrosis. Toxic to sheep when Cu:Mo ratio >10:1. Back Home

38. Literature Cited Adriano, D.C. 1986. Trace Elemants in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology; Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Alloway, G.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Brady, N.C. 1990. The Nature and Property of Soils. ManMillan Publishing Co., New York, NY. Cartwright, G.E. and M.M. Wintrobe. 1964. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 14: 224; 15: 94. Committee on Medical and Biological effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1977. Copper. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Hung, J.J. 1984. Effects of pH and other solution parameters on the Activities of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Cations in Soil Solutions. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Loneragan, L.F., A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. 1981. Copper in Soils and Plants. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia. Marschner, Horst. 1986. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Marschner, Horst. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants; Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Nriago, J.O. 1979. Copper in the Environment, Part 1 and 2. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,, New York, NY. Pond, W.G., D.C. Church, and K.R. Pond. Basic Animal Nutrition and Feeding; Fourth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Front Page