1. Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
CHAPTER 16
APES
Ms. Miller

2. Key Concepts Major geologic processes Earthquakes and volcanoes
Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle
Finding and extracting mineral resources
Non-renewable mineral resources

3. Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth
Fig. 4-7 p. 60

4. Questions for Figure 4-7 1) What is the innermost layer of the earth?
2) The crust and upper mantle combine to form what layer?
3) In what layer would one find living organisms?

5. Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle
Fig p. 333

6. Plate Tectonics
Divergent boundary—plates move apart in opposite directions
Convergent boundary—plates are pushed together by internal forces
Subduction zone—area where collision and subduction take place
Transform fault—plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere

7. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates
Fig. 16-4, p. 335

8. Questions for Figure 16-4 1) On what major tectonic plate is Michigan?
2) What type of boundary formed the Himalayan mountains?
3) Where is the ring of fire and why does it have this name?
4) The Nazca plate is found in what ocean?

9. External Earth Processes
Erosion—process by which material is dissolved, loosened or worn away from one part of Earth’s surface and deposited elsewhere

10. Weathering—physical, chemical or biological processes that break down rocks and minerals
Mechanical Weathering—physical weathering of breaking rock into smaller pieces

11. Frost Wedging: water collects in cracks, freezes and expands and breaks off pieces of rock

12. Chemical Weathering: a process in which one or more chemical reactions decompose a mass of rock.

13. Biological Weathering: The conversion of rocks and minerals into smaller particles through the action of living things. Ex) lichens and roots

14. Natural Hazards: Earthquakes
Features
Magnitude—measure of energy released
Aftershocks—smaller magnitude quakes after initial
Fig p. 337

15. Primary effects—shaking of ground, permanent vertical or horizontal displacement of ground
A road is heavily damaged by the magnitude 7.2 earthquake near Aratozawa Dam on June 14, 2008 in Kurihara, Miyagi, Japan. At least four people dead and twelve people are missing.

16. Secondary effects—rockslides, urban fire, flooding, tsunamis

17. Expected Earthquake Damage
Canada
United States
No damage expected
Minimal damage
Moderate damage
Severe damage
Fig p. 337

18. Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
extinct
volcanoes
magma
reservoir
central
vent
conduit
Solid
lithosphere
Upwelling
Partially molten
asthenosphere
Fig p. 338

19. Minerals and Rocks
Mineral—an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is a solid with a regular crystalline structure (diamond, quartz)

20. Rock Types
Igneous—formed from molten rock (lava or magma) cools and hardens (granite, basalt)

21. Sedimentary—formed from sediment produced from eroding and weathered rock; put together by pressure or cementation (limestone, sandstone)

22. Metamorphic—forms when preexisting rock is subjected to high temperature, high pressure, chemicals or a combination of above (marble, slate)

23. Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Heat, Pressure Heat, Igneous Rock
Shale, Sandstone,
Limestone
Deposition
Transport
Erosion
Rock Cycle
Heat,
Pressure
Weathering
Heat,
Pressure
Igneous Rock
Granite, Pumice,
Basalt
Metamorphic Rock
Slate, Quartzite,
Marble
Magma
(Molten Rock)
Fig p. 339

24. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Are a concentration of naturally occurring material that can be extracted and processed into useful materials at an affordable cost
Metallic mineral resources (iron, copper, aluminum)

25. Ores—a rock that contains enough of one or more metallic minerals to be mined for a profit

26. Nonmetallic mineral resources (salt, clay, sand, phosphates and soil)

27. Energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas and uranium)

28. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Categories
Identified—known location and quantity
Reserves—identified resource that can be mined profitable at current price
Undiscovered—assumed to exist on basis of geology but not known where
Other—undiscovered and identified resources not reserves
Fig p. 340

29. Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Satellite and air imagery
Radiation detectors
Magnetometers
Gravity differences
Seismic surveys
Chemical analyses

30. Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources: Fig. 16-11 and 16-12
Open-pit (surface mining)

31. Dredging (surface mining)

32. Area strip (surface mining)

33. Contour strip (surface mining)

34. Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)

35. Longwall (subsurface mining)

36. Mountaintop Removal

37. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Established 1977
Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions
Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites
Limited success due to lobbying lawmakers to make weaker laws or cut off flow of money

38. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Disruption of land surface
Subsidence
Erosion of solid mining waste
Acid mine drainage
Air pollution
Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

39. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
Fig p. 344

40. More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Surface mining
Subsurface mining
Overburden
Room and pillar
Spoil
Longwall
Open-pit
Dredging
Refer to Figs and 15-5, p. 341 and 342
Strip mining

41. Processing Mineral Resources
Ore mineral—desired metals from ore

42. Gangue—waste material from ore
Emerald Gangue

43. Tailings—piles of gangue; can be blown by wind or leaches into soil

44. Smelting—after gangue is removed, this process separates the desired metal from other metals in the ore

45. Supplies of Mineral Resources
Economic depletion—when it costs more to extract and process than it is worth
Depletion time—how long it takes to use up part of reserve
Foreign sources
Environmental concerns
Economics
New technologies
Mining the ocean
Finding substitutes
Fig p. 346