1. Mineral Book (Name) Earth Science (Period)

2. 2 Table of Contents PA’s Common Minerals.......3 Almandine..........................4 Analcime.............................6 Aragonite..............................8 Azurite.................................10 Beryl.....................................13 Calcite..................................15 Celestine..............................17 Clinochlore..........................18 Dolomite..............................20 Goethite..............................22 Grapite................................24 Hemimorphite....................26 Kyanite................................28 Malachite.............................30 Natrolite...............................32 Phlogopite............................34 Pyrite.....................................36 Pyrolusite..............................38 Quartz...................................40 Wulfenite..............................42 Special Interest Minerals......44 Cavansite...............................45 Dioptase................................46 Elbaite...................................47 Tobernite...............................48 Smithsonite...........................49 Works Cited...........................50

3. Pennsylvania’s Common Minerals

4. 4 Almandine The mineral Almandine, sometimes know as almandite, is an iron aluminum silicate. Almandine is most often found in its granular form in both metamorphic and pegmatitic rock. It’s crystal form can vary from being isometric to hexoctaheral. Almandine is a non-flourescent mineral with a luster that varies between vitreous and resinous. Almandine in its coarse form is often crushed and used as an abrasive agent. Notable almandine deposits can be found in Sri Lanka, the north territory of Australia, and Alaska. Above: This is an enlarged image of almandine crystals. Below: This is a picture of the almandine sample from the Pennsylvania.

5. Almandine Above : This sample of Almandine was obtained from a pegmatite quarry in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of the Isometric- Hexoctahedral structure of Almandine Almandine Chemical Formula Fe 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 Color Brown to Brownish Red, Reds, & Black to Red Black StreakWhite Hardness7 - 8 Crystal Form Isometric - Hexoctahedral LusterVitreous-Resinous FractureConchoidal GroupSilicates 5

6. 6 Analcime Analcime,also know as analcite, analcidite, and analzim, is a hydrated sodium aluminum silicated. It gets its name from the Greek word meaning weak which refers to its electrical charge. Analcime belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 5 – 5.5. It appears with a vitreous luster and in white shades with grays, greens, yellows, and reds mixed in. Analcime always produces a white streak. Analcime is fluorescent and glows green, blue, white, creamy white, and yellow. Some notable deposit locations are Mt. St. Halaire in Quebec, Iceland, Oregon, New Jersey, Nova Scotia, and Switzerland. Analcime is often used in chemical filters. Above: This is a sample of analcime on fluorapophyeite that was obtained from an iron mine in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is a model of the triclinc- pedial crystal system exhibted by analcime.

7. Analcime Above: This is a picture of yellowish analcime. Below: This is another picture of Analcime from Pennsylvania. 7 Analcime Chemical Formula NaAl(Si 2 O 6 ) * H 2 O Color White, grayish white, greenish white, yellowish white, reddish white Streak White Hardness 5 – 5.5 Crystal Form Triclinic – pedial Luster Vitreous Fracture Conchoidal Group Silicates

8. 8 Aragonite Aragonite, considered to be the cousin of calcite, is calcium carbonate. It gets its name from its concentrated locations in Aragon, Spain. Aragonite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 -4. It appears with a vitreous to dull luster. It is often white to colorless with hints of red, yellow, orange, brown, green, and blue. Aragonite also produced a white steak. Aragonite is fluorescent and it also reacts to acid. Some notable deposit locations are Aragon, Spain; France; Sicily; and in the Southwestern region of the United States. Aragonite is a minor constituent of limestone which is used in cement and steel productions. Above: This is an image of Aragonite it is colorless form. Below: This is a picture of Aragonite found in a limestone quarry in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.

9. Aragonite Above: This is another picture of the aragonite found in Pennsylvania. Below: This is a image of the Orthorhombic – Dipyramidal crystal form exhibited by aragonite. 9 Aragonite Chemical Formula CaCO 3 Color White to colorless with hints of red, yellow, orange, brown, green and blue Streak White Hardness 3.5 -4 Crystal Form Orthorhombic - Dipyramidal Luster Vitreous – Dull Cleavage Pinacoidal Group Carbonates

10. 10 Azurite Above: This is a picture of an azurite sample found in Pennsylvania. Below: This is a picture of azuite mixed in with a bit of malachite,. Azurite, also know as chessylite, is a copper carbonate hydroxide. It gets its name from it’s the Arabic word for blue, azure. Azuret belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 -4. It appears with a vitreous to dull luster. It is blue in color and it also produced a blue or light blue streak. Azurite is non- fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico, Congo, Morocco, Australia, and throughout Europe. Azurite is considered the cousin of malachite. It is often used in ornamental stone, jewelry, or as a pigment.

11. Azurite Above: This is an image of the monclinc – prismatic crystal form of azurite; Below: This is another image of and azurite sample found in Pennsylvania. 11 Azurite Chemical Formula Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 Color Azure Blue Streak Blue – Light Blue Hardness 3.5 -4 Crystal Form Monoclinic – Prismatic Luster Vitreous – Dull Fracture Concoidal Group Carbonates

12. 12 Beryl Above: This is a picture of beryl found in a feldspar mine in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of Beryl in its red to pink form. Beryl, also known as aquamarine, emerald, goshenite, heliodor, or morganite, is a beryllium aluminum silicate. It gets its name from the Greek word “beryllos” which means precious blue-green color of the sea. Beryl belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 7.5 - 8. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is often emerald green, blue green, blue, yellow, greenish-gold, red, or pink in color. Beryl can also be colorless It produces a white steak. Beryl is non fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Colombia, Africa, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, and California. Beryl is commonly used in gem stones.

13. Beryl Above: This image shows the hexagonal – dihexagona dipyramidal crystal form of beryl. Below: This is another image of the beryl sample found in Pennsylvania. 13 Beryl Chemical Formula Be 3 Al 2 (SiO 3 ) 6 Color Emerald green, blue, blue green, yellow, greenish gold, red, pink, and colorless Streak White Hardness 7.5 – 8 Crystal Form Hexagonal – Dihexagonal Dipryamidal Luster Vitreous – Dull Cleavage Basal Group Carbonates

14. 14 Calcite Above: This is a picture of a calcite sample found in a limestone mine in York County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is a picture of calcite with a hint of brown in it. Calcite, also know as glendonite, mangonocalcite, nicols, or travertine, is a calcium carbonate. It gets its name from the Greek word “chalix” which means lime. Calcite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3. It appears with a vitreous to resinous to dull luster. It is often white to colorless but can have light shades of yellow, orange, blue pink, red, brown, green, black and gray. It produces a white steak. Calcite is fluorescent, phosphorescent, thermoluminescent, and triboluminescen. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid. Some notable deposit locations are Ohio, Illinois, New Jersey, Missouri, Wisconsin, Kansas, Oklahoma, Mexico, England, and Africa. Calcite is used in cement, lime, limestone. It is also used in the glass industry and chemical processes.

15. Calcite Above: This is an image of calcite’s triclinic – hexagonal scalenohedral structure. Below: This is a close up of a calcite sample found in Pennsylvania. 15 Calcite Chemical Formula CaCO 3 Color White to colorless, light shades of yellow, orange, blue, pink, red, brown, green, black, and gray Streak White Hardness 3 Crystal Form Triclinic - Hexagonal Scalenohedral Luster Vitreous – Resinous - Dull Cleavage Rhombohedral Group Carbonates

16. 16 Celestine Above: This is a picture of a celestine sample found in in a limestone quarry in Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of celestine in its colorless form. Celestine, also known as celestite, is a strontium sulfate. It gets its name from the Latin word “coelestis” which means celestial. Celestine belongs to the sulfates group and has a hardness of 3 – 3.5. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is often blue to colorless but can appear yellow with tints of red, green, and brown. It produces a white steak. Celestine is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are the Lake Erie region of Ohio, Michigan, New York, Madagascar, Sicily, and Germany. Celestine is used as an ore of strontium.

17. Celestine Above: This is an image of celestine’s orthorhombic- dipyramidal crystal form. Below: This is another picture of a celestine sample found in Pennsylvania. 17 Celestine Chemical Formula Sr(SO 4 ) Color Blue, colorless, yellow with tints of red, green, and brown. Streak White Hardness 3 -3.5 Crystal Form Orthorhombic – Dipyramidal Luster Vitreous Cleavage Basal Group Sulfates

18. 18 Clinochlore Above: This is a picture of clinochlore found in a serpentine quarry in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of clinochlore in its green state. Clinochlore, also known as colerainite, maufite, pennine, or ripidolite, is a magnesium iron aluminum silicate hydroxide. It gets its name from the Greek words “klino” which means oblique and “chloros” meaning green. Clinochlore belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 2 -2.5. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster. It is green, red, brown, tan, yellow, and white in color. It produces a greenish white to white steak. Clinochlore is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Chester County, Pa; New York; Arizona; and throughout Europe. Clinochlore is basically used as mineral specimens.

19. Clinochlore Above: This is an image of the monoclinic – prismatic crystal form of clinochlore. Below: This is another picture of a clinochlore sample found in Pennsylvania. 19 Clinochlore Chemical Formula (Mg, Fe, Al) 6 (Si, Al) 4 O 10 (OH) 8 Color Green, red, brown, tan, yellow, and white Streak Greenish white- white Hardness 2 -2.5 Crystal Form Monoclinic - Prismatic Luster Vitreous Cleavage Basal Group Sulfates

20. 20 Dolomite Above: This picture shows a sample of Dolomite found in a limestone quarry in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Below: This image show a triclinic sample of dolomite. Dolomite, is a calcium magnesium carbonate. It gets its name from the French mineralist, Deodat do Dolomieu. Dolomite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 - 4. It appears with a vitreous to pearly to dull luster. It is pink, white, yellow, gray, black, brown or colorless. It produces a white steak. Dolomite is non- fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are the Midwest quarries of the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Spain, and Mexico. Dolomite is used in cements and as a source of magnesium.

21. Dolomite Above: This image shows dolomite’s triclinic – rhombohedral crystal system. Below: This is another picture of a dolomite sample found in Pennsylvania. 21 Dolomite Chemical Formula CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 Color Pink, yellow, gray, black, brown, white, colorless Streak White Hardness 3.5 - 4 Crystal Form Triclinic – Rhombohedral Luster Pearly – Vitreous – Dull Cleavage Rhomboherdal Group Carbonates

22. 22 Goethite Above: This is a picture of goethite found in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is another image of goethite. Goethite, also known as limonite or needle iron stone, is a hydrated iron oxide. It is named after the German poet, J.W. Goethe. Goethite belongs to both the oxides group and the hydroxides group. It has a hardness of 5 -5.5. It appears to have an earthy to dull luster in massive forms and a metallic luster in crystals. It is yellow, brown, red, or black in color. It produces a brown or brownish yellow to orange yellow steak. Goethite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are England, Mexico, and the Lake Superior region. Goethite is used as a pigment and an ore of iron.

23. Goethite Above: This image shows the orthorhombic – dipyramidal structure of goethite. Below: This is another picture of goethite found in Pennsylvania. 23 Goethite Chemical Formula FeO(OH) Color Yellow, brown, red, and black Streak Brown and brownish yellow to orange yellow Hardness 5 -5.5 Crystal Form Orthorhombic - Dipyramidal Luster Earthy to dull for massive forms, metallic for crystals Cleavage Basal Group Oxides and Hydroxides

24. 24 Graphite Above: This is a picture of a graphite sample found in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is another image of graphite. Graphite, also known as Black Lead or Plumbago, is simply carbon. It gets its name from the Greek word “graphein” which means to write. Graphite belongs to the native elements group and has a hardness of 1 - 2. It appears with a metallic to dull luster. It is black or sliver in color. It produces a black gray or brownish gray streak. Graphite is non-fluorescent and non- magnetic. Some notable deposit locations are New York, Texas, Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India. Graphite is used in lead pencils and high strength composite. It is also used as a toughener of steel and as a lubricant.

25. Graphite Above: This image shows the crystal structure of graphite. Below: This is another picture of a graphite sample found in Pennsylvania. 25 Graphite Chemical Formula C Color Black, Silver Streak Black gray and brownish gray Hardness 1 - 2 Crystal Form Hexagonal – Dihexagonal Dipyramidal Luster Metallic Cleavage Basal Group Native Elements

26. 26 Hemimorphite Above: This is a picture of a hemimorphite sample from a zinc mine found in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is a image of white and brown hemimorphite. Hemimorphite, also know as calamine or galmei, is a hydrated zinc silicate hydroxide. It gets its name from the hemimorphic nature of its crystals. hemimorphite belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 5. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is blue-green, green, white, colorless, brown or yellow. It produces a white streak. Hemimorphite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Mexico, New Mexico, New Jersey, England, and Zambia. Hemimorphite is used as a minor ore of zinc.

27. Hemimorphite Above: This image shows the crystal structure of hemimorphite. Below: This is another picture of a hemimorphite sample found in Pennsylvania. 27 Hemimorphite Chemical Formula Zn 4 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 -H2O Color Blue-green, green, white, colorless, brown, and yellow Streak White Hardness 5 Crystal Form Orthorhombic – pyramidal Luster Vitreous Cleavage Basal Group Silicates

28. 28 Kyanite Above: This is a picture of a kyanite sample found in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of kyanite in its green form. Kaynite, also know as disthene, is an aluminum silicate. It belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 4.5 – 6.5. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster. It is blue, white, gray, and green in color. It produces a white streak. Kyanite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Brazil, North Carolina, and Georgia. Kyanite is used in the manufacturing of spark plugs and is also used as a mineral specimen.

29. Kyanite Above: This is an image of kyanite’s cyrstal system. Below: This is another picture of a kyanite sample found in Pennsylvania. 29 Kyanite Chemical Formula Al 2 SiO 5 Color Blue, white, gray, green Streak White Hardness 4.5 – 6.5 Crystal Form Triclinic – pinacoidal Luster Vitreous to pearly Cleavage Basal Group Silicates

30. 30 Malachite Malachite, the cousin to azurite, is a copper carbonate hydroxide. It gets its name from the Greek word “malache” which refers to its green color. Malachite belongs to the carbonates group and has a hardness of 3.5 -4. It appears with dull to silky luster. It is green in color and also produces a green streak. Malachite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Mexico, Southwestern United States, Congo, Nambia, and Russia. Malacite is used as an ore of copper, ornamental stone, a pigment, and as jewlery.

31. Malachite Above: This is an image of malachite’s crystal system. Below: This is another picture of a malachite sample found in Pennsylvania. 31 Malachite Chemical Formula Cu 2 (CO 3 )(OH) 2 Color Green Streak Green Hardness 3.5 - 4 Crystal Form Monoclinic - prismatic Luster Dull in massive forms and Silky in crystal forms Fracture Conchoidal / Splintry Group Carbonate

32. 32 Natrolite Above: This is a picture of natrolite found in an iron mine located in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of clear natrolite. Natrolite, also know as aedelite, is a hydrated aluminum silicate. It gets its name from the Greek word “natron” which means to soda. Natrolite belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 5 -2-5. It appears with a vitreous to dull luster. It is clear, white, yellow, or brown in color. It produces a white streak. Natrolite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are India, California, New Jersey, and Nova Scotia. Natrolite is commonly used in chemical filters.

33. Natrolite Above: This is an image of natrolite’s crystal structure. Below: This is another picture of natrolite found in Pennsylvania. 33 Natrolite Chemical Formula Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 -2H 2 O Color Clear, white, yellow, and brown Streak White Hardness 5 – 5.5 Crystal Form Orthorhombic - pyramidal Luster Vitreous to dull Cleavage Prismatic Group Silicates

34. 34 Phlogopite Above: This is a picture of a sample of phlogopite found in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is a sample of phlogopite in a pale brown color. Phlogopite, also known as magnesium mica, is a potassium magnesium aluminum silicate hydroxide. It gets its name from the Greek word “flogopos” which means to resembling fire. Phlogopite belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 2-3. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster. It is pale brown to brown in color. It produces a white streak. Phlogopite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Canada, Russia, and Europe. Phlogopite is used in industrial heat and electrical insulation.

35. Phlogopite Above: This is an image of phlogopite’s crystal structure. Below: This is another picture of a phlogopite sample found in Pennsylvania. 35 Phlogopite Chemical Formula K Mg 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 Color Pale brown to brown Streak White Hardness 2.5 – 3 Crystal Form Monoclinic - prismatic Luster Vitreous to pearly Cleavage Basal Group Silicates

36. 36 Pyrite Above: This is a sample of pyrite from Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is a sample of pyrite that clearly illustrates its brassy yellow color. Pyrite, also known as fool’s gold, is an iron sulfide. It gets its name from the Greek word “pyro” which means to fire. Pyrite belongs to the sulfides group and has a hardness of 6 – 6.5. It appears with a metallic luster. It is brassy yellow in color. It produces a greenish black streak. Pyrite is non-fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Illinois, Missouri, Peru, Germany, Spain, and South Africa. Pyrite is commonly used as a minor ore of sulfur and is also used in jewelry.

37. Pyrite Above: This is an image of pyrite’s crystal system. Below: This is another image of a pyrite sample found in Pennsylvania. 37 Pyrite Chemical Formula FeS 2 Color Brassy Yellow Streak Greenish Black Hardness 6 – 6.5 Crystal Form Isometirc - diploidal Luster Metallic Fracture Conchoidal Group Sulfides

38. 38 Pyrolusite Above: This is an image of pyrolusite found in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Below: This is an image of pyrolusite that illustrates its steel gray color. Pyrolusite, also known as polinaite, is an manganese oxide. It gets its name from the Greek word “pyro” and “louen” which means fire wash. Pyrolusite belongs to the oxides and hydroxides group and has a hardness of 6. It appears with a metallic luster. It is steel gray to solid black. It produces a black streak. Pyrolusite is non- fluorescent and non-magnetic. Some notable deposit locations are Minnesota, Michigan, New Mexico, Germany, India, South Africa, and Australia. Pyrolusite is used as an ore of manganese.

39. Pyrolusite Above: This image show’s pyrolusite’s crystal system. Below: This is another picture of a pyrolusite sample found in Pennsylvania. 39 Pyrolusite Chemical Formula MnO 2 Color Steel gray to solid black Streak Black Hardness 6 Crystal Form Tetragonal - ditetragonal dipryamidal Luster Metallic to dull Cleavage Prismatic Group Oxides and Hydroxides

40. 40 Quartz Above: This is an image of smoky quartz and amethyst found in Pennsylvania. Below: This is a picture of amethyst, the purple variety of quartz. Quartz is known as silicon dioxide. It has many varieties including smoky quartz, blue quartz, citrine, amethyst, rose quartz, and tiger’s eye. It is a very common mineral found world wide. Quartz belongs to the silicates group and has a hardness of 7. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is clear, white, black, gray, blue, yellow, brown, purple, pink, and orange in color. It produces a white streak. Quartz is fluorescent triboluminescent. Some notable deposit locations are Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, and Russia. Quartz is used glass, electrical component, optical lenses, ornamental stones, and gem stones.

41. Quartz Above: This is an image of quartz’s crystal system. Below: This is another picture of amethyst and smoky quartz. 41 Quartz Chemical Formula SiO 2 Color Colorless, white, black, gray, blue, yellow, brown, purple, pink, and orange. Streak White Hardness 7 Crystal Form Trigonal - Trapezohedral Luster Vitreous Fracture Conchoidal Group Silicates

42. 42 Wulfenite Above: This is a picture of a sample of wulfenite found in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Below: This image of wulfenite illustrates its orange coloring. Wulfenite, also know as yellow lead ore, is a Lead Molybdate. It gets its name from the Austrian mineralogist, Frantz Xaver von Wulfen. Wulfenite belongs to the sulfates group and has a hardness of 3. It appears with a vitreous luster. It is Red, orange, yellow, silver, white color. It produces a white streak. Wulfenite is fluorescent. Some notable deposit locations are Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. Wulfenite is used as a minor ore of molybdenum.

43. Wulfenite Above: This is an image of wulfenite’s crystal system. Below: This is another picture of wulfenite found in Pennsylvania. 43 Wulfentie Chemical Formula PbMoO4 Color Red, orange, yellow, silver, white Streak White Hardness 3 Crystal Form Tetragonal Dipyramidal Luster Vitreous Cleavage Basal Group Sulfates

44. Special Interest Minerals

45. Cavansite Above: This is an image of cavansite from India Below: This is an image of cavansite that really shows its ocean blue color. 45 Cavansite is a hydrated calcium vanadium silicate with the chemical formula Ca(VO)Si 4 O 10 (H 2 O). Its color is greenish blue to ocean blue, and it has a blue streak. Cavansite’s hardness is 3-4. It has an orthobrombic crystal system and basal cleavage. It appears with a vitreous luster. Cavansite is a member of the silicates group and got its name from its compositon. Some notable locations of deposits are India, Oregon, and Columbia. Cavansite is used as a mineral specimen.

46. 46 Dioptase Above: This is a picture of dioptase from Congo. Below: This image of dioptase illustrates it trigonal crystal system. Dioptase is a hydrated copper silicate with the chemical formula CuSiO 3 H 2 O. Its color is deep green, and it has a green streak. Dioptase’s hardness is 5. It has an trigonal crystal system and rhombohedral cleavage. It appears with a vitreous luster and is non fluorescent. Dioptase is a member of the silicates group and got its name from the Greek word meaning true vison. Some notable locations of deposits are Nambia, Russia, Chile, California, and Arizona. Dioptase is used as a mineral specimen and a minor ore of copper. It is rarely used as a gemstone.

47. Elbaite Above: This is a picture of elbaite from Brazil. Below: This image of elbaite shows it’s various colors. 47 Elbaite’s chemical formula is Na(Li,Al) 3 Al 6 Si 6 O 18 (BO 3 ) 3 (OH) 4 and is a Sodium Lithium Aluminum Boro-Silicate Hydroxide. Its color is red, pink, green, blue, orange, and yellow and it has a white streak. Elbaite’s hardness is 7 -7.5. It has an trigonal crystal system and conchoidal fracture. It appears with a vitreous luster and is fluorescent. Elbaite is a member of the silicates group and got its name because there are high concentrations in Elba, Italy. Some notable locations of deposits are, California, Brazil, Italy, and Sri Lanka. Elbaite is used from both gemstones and ornamental stones.

48. 48 Smithsonite Above: This is a picture of smithsonite found in New Mexico. Below: This image of smithsonite shows it white and blue color. Smithsonite’s chemical formula is Zn(CO 3 ) and is a Zinc carbonate. Its color is grayish white, dark gray, green, blue, yellow and it has a white streak. Smithsonite’s hardness is 4.5. It has an trigonal crystal system and rhombohedral cleavage. It appears with a vitreous luster and is fluorescent. Smithsonite is a member of the carbonate group and was named after John Smithson, and English mineralogist. A notable location of deposits is England. Smithsonite is primarily used as and ornamental stone.

49. Torbernite Above and Below: These are pictures of torbernite from Zaine. 49 Torbernite’s chemical formula is Cu(UO 2 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 2 -10H 2 Oand is a Hydrated Copper Uranyl Phosphate. Its color is green and it has a pale green streak. Elbaite’s hardness is 2 -2.5. It has an tetragonal crystal system and basal cleavage. It appears with a vitreous to pearly luster and is radioactive. Torbernite is a member of the phospates group and was named after the Swedish chemist, Tornbern Bergmann. Some notable locations of deposits are North Carolina, Utah, England, Germany, France. Torbernite is used as a minor ore of uranium.

50. 50 Works Cited " Azurite." Glendale Community College of Arizona. Web. 17 Oct. 2010.. "Index of Mineral Images." Mineralogy Database. Web. 18 Oct. 2010.. The Mineral and Gemstone Kingdom: Home. Web. 18 Oct. 2010.. Mineralogy Database. Web. 16 Oct. 2010.. Pages, By Price. Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery. Web. 18 Oct. 2010..