1. Anglo-American Colonization of Texas
Chapter 7 and 8
Anglo-American Colonization
of Texas

2. Why come to Texas?
Pushed out of Spain
Pulled into Texas

3. 4 Types of Frontier Settlements
Missions
Self-Supporting
Daily Life
Presidios
Who’s in charge?

4. 4 Types of Frontier Settlements (continued)
Towns
Who lived there
Daily life
Women
Problems
Ranches
Why ranching instead of farming?

5. Colonists Rebel Why were they unhappy? Enlightenment
Father Hidalgo – Grito de Dolores
Mexican Unrest Continues
Spanish Influence lives on

6. Americans Move West
Many Anglo Americans look west to Spanish territories for land and opportunities.
Anglo American = People whose ancestors moved from one of many European countries to the United States and who now share a common culture and language.
Spain feared the Americans would try to gain control of their land.

7. Spain Controls Immigration
American Immigrants were allowed to settle in Missouri if they would pledge loyalty to Spain and become Catholics.
Spain hoped these conditions would allow the population to grow under tight control.
George Morgan was the first American Empresario to recruit from the U.S.
Empresario = An agent who makes all arrangements to bring settlers to a colony.

8. Philip Nolan in Texas
Philip Nolan, a filibuster, was suspected by Spain of being a spy for the U.S. Army Commander of Louisiana, General James Wilkinson.
Filibuster = An adventurer who engages in a private rebellious activity in a foreign country.
Nolan and one other are killed in a shootout. The rest are imprisoned.
Peter Ellis Bean is the only known survivor.

9. Neutral Ground Agreement
The U.S. purchases Louisiana from France for $15 million in 1803, but what’s the border? Arroyo Hondo or Sabine River?
Wilkinson and the Spanish Commander, General Simon Herrera make a compromise, creating the Neutral Zone.
The Neutral Zone = The land between the Arroyo Hondo and the Sabine River.
Lawlessness occurred with the U.S. having to clean it up.

10. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition
Gutierrez and Magee raise the Republic of the North, an army to win TX Independence and declare it a Republic.
Republic = A nation or state in which people elect representatives to govern them.
Tejano = A person of Mexican descent living in Texas.
Magee dies attacking Goliad, and Samuel Kemper replaces him.
The army captures San Antonio, and Gutierrez is replaced with Jose Alvarez de Toledo.
General Joaquin “ The Butcher” de Arredondo recaptures Texas for Spain, killing most of the filibusters, and civilians in Texas during the process. Texas was almost deserted…but a powerful message was sent.
Others still encouraged to keep the fight for freedom alive.

11. Revolutionaries and Pirates in Texas
French pirate Louis Michel Aury from Galveston Island, decides to help survivors against Spain.
Jean “The Commissioner of Galveston” Lafitte later took over the Island and agreed to help the revolutionaries also…but really just wanted Spanish treasure.
Lafitte was run out by the U.S. Navy after attacking U.S. shipping.
Curse on treasure?

12. The Adams-Onis Treaty
1819: The U.S. receives Florida and the Sabine is declared the official border. Spain gets assurances from the U.S. that it would not try to gain Spanish territories.
This ends the boundary dispute and the Neutral Ground solution.

13. The Long Expedition
1819: James Long attempts to capture Texas and declare it independent from Spain.
Longs’ first army is defeated while he is negotiating with Lafitte for support.
His second attempt was quickly defeated at Goliad. All were imprisoned.
April 8, 1822: Long is shot and killed by a guard in prison.
Jane Long learned of her husbands death at while waiting at Point Bolivar.
She had been there almost 2 years, surviving Karankawa attacks by shooting a canon at them, giving birth to a daughter, and caring for their two other children.
She would eventually settle in Texas, and is known as “The Mother of Texas”.

14. Moses Austin Begins Colonization in Texas
Moses Austin decides to help Americans settle in Spanish Texas after the Panic of 1819.
Austin’s plan is rejected in by Texas Governor Antonio Martinez.
Baron de Bastrop, an old friend of Austin’s, helped Moses get a second meeting, and eventually Governor Martinez agrees to make the request to Mexico City.
Austin expected approval and went home to recruit settlers…but he dies!

15. Stephen F. Austin Takes Over
27 year-old Stephen attempts to fulfill his father’s dream for Texas.
Erasmo Seguin is appointed by Martinez to assist Austin locate his colonies land.
Austin choose the land between the Lavaca and San Jacinto Rivers for the colony.
The first settlement will be located along the lower Colorado River.

16. Settlers Arrive in Texas
Austin recruited from New Orleans, only accepting people of good character.
Austin was authorized to give land titles to only 300 settlers.
The original 300 Austin settlers are called “The Old Three Hundred”.

17. Austin’s Leadership
After Mexico’s Independence, Austin traveled to Mexico City to make sure his contract was still good
Austin gained the trust and respect of the Mexican Officials, learned Spanish, and was awarded several new contracts as an empesario.
The capitol of Austin’s colony was named San Felipe de Austin.
Austin is today called ”The Father of Texas”.

18. Expanding the Empresarial System
By 1830, about 30 other people had contracts as empresarios in Texas.
Green DeWitt was another American empresario, with his capitol at Gonzales.
Martin de Leon, with his wife Patricia, was a successful Tejano Empresario.
Together, the de Leon’s founded the town of Victoria.
Many empresarios had problems and lost their contracts.
2 Colonies were started with immigrants from Ireland…The Irish Colonies.

20. Texas in 1830
20,000…and growing!
Cotton farming and ranching were fast growing industries.

21. Gone To Texas
“G.T.T.” was a common sight on abandoned U.S. farms as people came to Texas.
Why did people come? Adventure…Escape…Land…
Settlers came by land, sea, river…or any way possible at the time. Mostly from southern U.S. states.
Most settlers were poor and carried few things with them to Texas.

22. Settlers of various Nationalities
Most emigrated from the U.S., but others came from Mexico and Europe.
Emigrate = To leave home to settle elsewhere.
Many Tejanos settled the southern parts of Texas.
African Americans came also, although many were brought as slaves, Free-Blacks were given legal rights in Mexico.

23. Diet of Colonial Texans
Meat was plentiful to skilled hunters.
Although most farmed, colonial Texans rarely enjoyed a balanced diet. Fruits and vegetables were only seasonal.

24. Colonial Homes
Log Cabins were common. Families often built others as the they grew.
A connecting covered porch between two cabins was called a “Dog-Run”.
See the picture in the Text…Page 183.
Cabins were usually one room. Everyone lived, slept, and cooked in that room.
Furniture was usually roughly made from available wood.

25. Religion and Education
Most Texans had to become Catholic officially (to get free land grants), but remained protestant in reality.
Few schools existed, most were taught at home by mothers.

26. Challenges Sickness and disease remained a real problem for colonists.
Austin organized a militia, later to become the Texas rangers, to help protect colonists Indian attacks.
Militia = A military force that is not professional.
Most Indians, friendly and hostile alike, were eventually driven out.