1. End Show Slide 1 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3 Plant Adaptations

3. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 3 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aquatic Plants How are plants adapted to different environments?

4. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 4 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aquatic Plants To take in sufficient oxygen, many aquatic plants have tissues with large air-filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse.

5. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 5 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aquatic Plants Mangroves have specialized air roots with air spaces in them. These spaces conduct air down to the buried roots, allowing root tissues to respire normally. Bald cypress trees grow structures called knees, which protrude above the water. The knees bring oxygen-rich air down to the roots.

6. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 6 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Aquatic Plants The reproductive adaptations of aquatic plants include seeds that float in water and delay germination for long periods. Many aquatic plants grow quickly after germination, extending the growing shoot above the water’s surface.

7. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 7 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Salt-Tolerant Plants When plant roots take in dissolved minerals, a difference in concentration of water molecules is created between root cells and the surrounding soil. This concentration difference causes water to enter the root cells by osmosis. For plants that grow in salt water, this means taking in much more salt than the plant can use.

8. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 8 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Salt-Tolerant Plants The roots of salt-tolerant plants are adapted to salt concentrations that would quickly destroy the root hairs on most plants. The leaves of these plants have specialized cells that pump salt out of the plant tissues and onto the leaf surfaces, where it is washed off by rain.

9. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 9 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Desert Plants Plants that live in the desert biome are called xerophytes. Xerophytes must tolerate a variety of extreme conditions, including strong winds, daytime heat, sandy soil, and infrequent rain.

10. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 10 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Desert Plants Plant adaptations to a desert climate include extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems that can store water.

11. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 11 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Desert Plants Cactuses have root systems that spread out for long distances just beneath the soil surface or reach deep down into the soil. To reduce water loss due to transpiration, cactus leaves have been reduced to thin, sharp spines.

12. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 12 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Desert Plants Cactuses have thick green stems that carry out photosynthesis and are adapted to store water. The stems of cactuses swell during rainy periods and shrivel during dry spells, when the plants are forced to use up their water reserves.

13. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 13 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Desert Plants Seeds of many desert plants can remain dormant for years, germinating only when sufficient moisture guarantees them a chance for survival. When rain does come, the plants mature, flower, and seed in a matter of weeks or even days, before the water disappears.

14. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 14 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutritional Specialists How do plants obtain nutrients from sources other than photosynthesis?

15. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 15 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutritional Specialists Plants that have specialized features for obtaining nutrients include carnivorous plants and parasites.

16. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 16 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutritional Specialists Carnivorous Plants Some plants that live in wet and acidic environments with little or no nitrogen present obtain nutrients using specialized leaves that trap and digest insects. The leaf secretes enzymes that digest the insect and release nitrogen for the plant to use.

17. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 17 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutritional Specialists The best known of the carnivorous plants is the Venus’ flytrap.

18. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 18 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutritional Specialists Parasites Some plants extract water and nutrients directly from a host plant. Like all parasites, these plants harm their host organisms and sometimes even pose a serious threat to other species. Cuscuta is a parasitic plant that grows directly into the vascular tissue of its host. There, it extracts nutrients and water.

19. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 19 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Epiphytes Epiphytes are plants that are not rooted in soil but instead grow directly on the bodies of other plants. Most are found in the tropical rain forest biome, but they also grow in other moist biomes.

20. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 20 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Epiphytes Epiphytes are not parasites. They gather their own moisture, generally from rainfall, and produce their own food. One of the most common epiphytes is Spanish moss.

21. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 21 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Defenses Plants are an important source of food for insects. How do plants defend themselves from insects?

22. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 22 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Defenses Many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals.

23. End Show 25-3 Plant Adaptations Slide 23 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Defenses Some of these chemicals are poisons that can be lethal if eaten. Others act as insect hormones, disrupting normal development and preventing insects from reproducing.

24. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 24 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3

25. End Show Slide 25 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3 Carnivorous plants trap animals and digest them, releasing needed a.water. b.sugars. c.nitrogen. d.oxygen.

26. End Show Slide 26 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3 An example of a plant that is a xerophyte is a a.cactus. b.water lily. c.pitcher plant. d.mistletoe.

27. End Show Slide 27 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3 Salt-tolerant plants remove excess salt absorbed through their roots by the process of a.diffusion. b.osmosis. c.active transport. d.dilution.

28. End Show Slide 28 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3 An example of a carnivorous plant is a a.mistletoe. b.Venus' flytrap. c.Spanish moss. d.foxglove.

29. End Show Slide 29 of 29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 25-3 An example of a plant’s chemical defense is a substance that a.disrupts insect reproduction. b.removes excess salt. c.enables plants to digest insects. d.absorbs water without using root hairs.

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