1. FROZEN FROGS!! http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_vid_frozenfrogs/

2. 3 4 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA

3. ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE Temperature:

4. MACROCLIMATE Macroclimate:

5. MICROCLIMATE Fig. 5.3 in Molles 2008 Microclimate:

6. Taking Advantage of Microclimate Variation

7. Altitude and Temperature

8. Why? 1212

9. Slope Aspect and Temperature Gomez Peak, Eighty Mountain

10. Slope Aspect and Temperature (Northern Hemisphere)

11. Ground Color and Temperature Albedo:

12. Burrows and Temperature

13. Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2010 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge

14. TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

15. Fig. 5.7 in Molles 2010 TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER

16. TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER Gas Water

17. Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of water 1 o C Specific Heat of Air: It takes.0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm 3 of air 1 o C A) Specific Heat THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER

18. B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ Evaporating Water Absorbs a Tremendous Amount of Heat Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Cooling Effect on Surroundings)

19. C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion Freezing Water Releases a Tremendous Amount of Energy THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER (Warming Effect on Surroundings)

20. COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.

21. ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes Reproductive Output Exceeds Capacity of Environment

22. ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Variation

23. ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES Intraspecific Competition

24. THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

25. Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2010 THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA: Sulphur Oxidase Function PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA: Population Growth Rate ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

26. Boreal Moss Desert Shrub ADAPTATIONS: Physiology Photosynthesis

27. Fig. 5.12 in Molles 2010 ADAPTATIONS: Physiology (Photosynthesis)

28. (Sceloporus undulatus) MEI = C – F - U METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE (MEI) ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology

29. Fig. 5.11 in Molles 2010 ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology

30. RAINBOW TROUT O o – 4 o C 20 o C ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

31. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (promotes breakdown of acetylcholine) ADAPTATIONS: Physiology

32. ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE

33. PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is Reduced Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments” CONSEQUENCES OF ADAPTATION

34. Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Single Ancestral Strain Grown at 37 o C 2,000 Generations 32 o C37 o C42 o C32 o C / 42 o C Cultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes

35. Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) 2,000 Generations at 20 O C 32 o C37 o C42 o C32 o C / 42 o C Cultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes

36. Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007) Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2010

37. ACCLIMATION: Physiological adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism during its lifetime

38. Grown in Cold Environment Grown in Hot Environment Demonstrating Acclimation (Grow shrubs from Same Population in Different Conditions)

39. Fig. 5.13 in Molles 2010 ACCLIMATION

40. HEAT EXCHANGE

41. Fig. 5.16 in Molles 2010 HEAT EXCHANGE

42. H s : H cd : H cv : H e : H m : H r :

43. Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants Desert Marigold

44. Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants

45. Alpine Chickweed Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants

47. Temperature Regulation: Animals

48. ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Poikilotherms) Temperature Regulation: Animals

49. Coping with Extreme Temperatures

50. Clear-Winged Grasshopper (and Grasshopper Fungus) Temperature Regulation: Animals

51. Fig. 5.19 in Molles 2010 Temperature Regulation: Animals

52. Grasshopper Fungus Fig. 5.23 in Molles 2010 Temperature Regulation: Animals

53. ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energy to regulate temperature (= Homeotherms) Temperature Regulation: Animals

54. THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE Fig. 5.24 in Molles 2008 Temperature Regulation: Animals

55. OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?

56. Countercurrent Circulation Fig. 5.25 in Molles 2010 Temperature Regulation: Animals

57. TORPOR ESTIVATION HIBERNATION INACTIVITY Temperature Regulation: Animals

59. Skunk Cabbage