1. GENERALITIES of the PLANT KINGDOM
Multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic and autotrophic
Most are terrestrial (some have returned to water)
Plants are immobile  evolved to cope with stress:
water loss, consumers, mechanical damage, temperature extremes, pathogens, odd soils, etc.
Terrestrial plants evolved from aquatic green algae

2. Features Shared In Common with Green Algae
Pigments: Chlorophyll a & b; carotenoids
Food Reserve: Starch
Cell Walls: Cellulose
Cell Division: Cell Plate
Body Structure: Multicellular
Life Cycle: Heteromorphic Alternation of Generation
Sexual Reproduction: Oogamy

3. Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Division Chlorophyta (green algae) Order Charales features: multicellular, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids, starch storage, cellulose walls

4. In Aquatic Habitat All Cells Surrounded or Close to Water
Dissolved Minerals
Dissolved CO2 and O2
Water Supports Weight of the Plant
Unicellular Reproductive Structures
Motile Gametes
All Cells Photosynthetic

5. Evolutionary steps for the colonization of land:
How to disperse gametes in drier environment
How to protect embryos from drying out
How to take up water and nutrients from below ground
How to take up CO2 from the air
How to transport water and nutrients long distances

6. Adaptations to Land Correlated with Development of Structures to Circumvent Water Requirements:
Epidermis: cuticle (cutin), stomates
Vascular Tissue: Xylem (water conduction), Phloem (carbohydrate conduction)
Roots
Lignin - found in all vascular plants, reinforces cell walls
Multicellular gametangia: Antheridium (sperm), Archegonium (egg)
Embryo Develops Within the Archegonium

8. Pangaea (meaning "all lands" in Greek)

9. Silurian land plants (425 - 408 MYA)

10. Devonian land plants (408 - 362 MYA)

11. Carboniferous land plants (362 - 290 MYA)

12. Permian land plants (290 - 245 MYA)
The warm zone spread in the northern hemisphere, where extensive dry deserts appeared. The rocks formed at that time were stained red by iron oxides, the result of intense heating by the sun of a surface devoid of vegetation cover. The old types of plants and animals died out.

13. Triassic land plants (245 - 208 MYA)

14. Jurassic land plants (245 - 208 MYA)

17. Sporophyte (2n)
Ca. 0.5 cm long
Gametophyte (1n)

18. Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts and hornworts
Reproduce by spores
Reproduction dependent on water
No true vascular system, no hard tissues, therefore they remain small

19. Vascular Plants (all the rest = ferns, gymnosperms & angiosperms)
Have true roots, leaves, & vascular tissues
Produce hard or lignified tissues
xylem
phloem

20. Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns & allies
Have vascular tissue & true roots
Reproduction depends on water
Reproduce w/ spores

21. Evolution of seed plants: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
Reproduction independent of water
Sperm enclosed in pollen; dispersed by wind, animals, etc
Eggs enclosed in protective ovule – matures into a seed
Seeds are highly protected embryos
- embryo protected (cones, fruits, etc)
- often specialized dispersal (animal, water, wind)
- Woody tissues common

22. Gymnosperms‘Naked seed’
Old lineage; 700 species today
Adaptive radiation during Earth’s
dry periods
New invention
true seeds! protects embryo
Conifers are largest group
- make male & female cones

23. Most recently derived group - 300,000 - 450,000 species
eudicots
Angiosperms
Most recently derived group
- 300, ,000 species
Two main groups:
1. eudicots
2. monocots
New Innovations:
Flowers
Fruit
monocots

25. Angiosperms monocots eudicots
Almost all angiosperms fall naturally into two groups (clades), monocots (one cotyledon, or seed leaf) and dicots (two cotyledons).
A few dicots (early lineages) do not form a clade, but the huge majority that do are called true dicots, or eudicots.