1. Developing vs. Developed Countries with specific reference to Asia
Vikas Nath
President
The Digital Governance Initiative
Comparative E-Governance Models and Applications:
Developing vs. Developed Countries
with specific reference to Asia
e-Governance Executive Master programme at EPFL
Lausanne, Switzerland
9 December 2005

2. Let us get out of this classroom…
Let us get out of this classroom…. to get a better understanding of this session….

3. Who is the Government for Citizens ? Who are the Citizens for Government ?
Women
Central
Government
Home
Ministry
Farmers
Taxpayer
Courts
Agriculture
Department
Rural
Population
National
Banks
Senior
Citizens
Municipality
Un-
Employed
State
Government
Customs
Entrepreneur
Media
Excise
Department
Police

4. E-Governance is about Match- Making: Building Relationships and Trust
GOVERNMENT
SERVICE PROVIDERS
USER GROUPS
E- GOVERNANCE
Un-
Employed
Transport
Ministry
Farmers
Department of
Youth Employment
NGO
Workers
CITIZENS
Home
Ministry
Women
Senior
Citizens
Local
Municipalities
Children
Local
Media
Health
Department
Local
Businesses
Agriculture
Department

5. Case A: The pre E-Governance situation
V= Value of Service being derived by the user U
V1B A B
V1A U1
V2C C U2 U4
V4D U3
V3D D
V5D U5
USERS (5)
SERVICES (A, B, C, D)
Total Public Value of Services derived = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5

6. Case B: Desired post E-Governance situationF D U5
SERVICES (A, B, C, D, E, F)
USERS (8)
Public Value of E-Governance Services
= U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5 + ….. + UiVj

7. A Key Learning: Developing vs Developed Countries E-Governance Model !
ICTs enhances Information Access and Flows…
almost automatically in project designs
But creating:
Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models the “Geometry of Information Flows” needs to be RESHAPED within the society.
And this is all the more required in Developing Countries where information asymmetries are higher and channels to access information limited.

8. 5 Geometrically Sensitive
E-Governance Models
Wider Dissemination Model
Critical Flow Model
Comparative Analysis Model
E-advocacy/ Pressure group model
Interactive-Service Model

9. Wider Disseminating Model Public Domain Wider Public Domain
Information:
Public Domain Wider Public Domain
CITIZENS
Govt. Laws, Legislations, Notices
Local Govt. Offices and Officials Information
Government Budget, Plans and Expenditures
Key Judicial Decisions: state vs. citizen decisions
Government Tenders, Procurement Notice
Government Employment
Wider Public Domain
CITIZENS
Public
Domain
Information
CITIZENS

10. Examples Mongolia: Open Government http://open-government.mn
Philippines: Government Online (but not yet!)
Malaysia: E-Flood Information
Uzbekistan: Portal of the State of Authority

11. MONGOLIA

12. MALAYSIA: E-Flood Information DID (JPS) Selangor State
The system integrates all hydrology data from District DID (JPS) to the Shah Alam Hydrology Unit automatically and in real time.
It then provides real-time river monitoring to safequard life and property, and offers flood warnings through SMS.
The project simplifies government agency flood rescue operations.

13. INDIA: Fish Shoal Movements in the Indian Ocean

14. Critical Information: Private Domain Wider Public Domain
Critical Flow Model
Critical Information:
Private Domain Wider Public Domain
Corruption Information
Enquiry reports, scientific research, impact studies commissioned
Company’s Green Ratings
Human Rights Violations Records
Whistle Blowing
Wider Domain
Private Domain
Information

15. Examples India: Central Vigilance Committee www.cvc.nic.in
Online filing of complaints against public officials and online exposing of names of Corrupted Government Officials.
Bangladesh: Human Rights Portal
independent web portal which exposes and challenges discriminations and violations of human rights.
Mexico: Declarenet
Declaranet" allows for on-line filing of income for federal employees.
Bloggers

16. INDIA: Central Vigilance Committee

17. BANGLADESH: Human Rights Violations

18. Comparative Analysis Model
Information:
Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Wider Public Domain
Public/Private
Domain
Wider Domain
Public Domain
Information
Public/Private
Domain

19. Comparative Analysis Model
Based on Precedence Information
(time line)
With and Without Information
Court Rulings / Historical Archive
Tracking Performance Records / Financial Assets Growth of Ministers
Electoral Candidates Information
Bringing out Best / Worst Practices
Cases of Corruption, Budget Irregularities

20. Examples India: National Courts http://indiancourts.nic.in
Sri Lanka: Comparison of Education Indicators (Kothmale Project)
India: Green Ratings of Chief Ministers/ Comparing Environmental Records of Industries
India: Comparative Learning from Disasters

21. INDIA: National Courts

22. INDIA: Green Rating of Industries / Paper Mills

23. Mobilisation and Lobbying Model
Building Allies / Networking Networks for
Concerted Action
Virtual Community
Communities
Individuals
Real Community
Common
Goal
Networks
Interest
Groups

24. Examples
Planned, Directed, Strategic flow of Information to build strong issue-based Allies / solidarity to complement action in Real World.
(often through combination of other models)
SMS and Mobile Campaigns- Philippines and Ukraine
Signature Campaign: India (Petition OnlineCorruption)
e-Signature Campaigns: Pakistan
e-Groups on Agriculture
Zimbabwe Kubatana.net (using s for lobbying)

25. INDIA: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Mr. Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption
Batchmate Sanjeev Sinha, started a petition on and gathered almost 50,000 signatures in a month to force a Criminal Bureau Investigation. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) even took cognizance of the electronic petition and told Sinha about the progress on the case.
To:  The Prime Minister of India Dec. 1st Sub: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption. Dear Mr. Prime Minister, Satyendra Dubey, a very capable, honest and upright person, was working as a senior engineer of National Highways Authority of India on Golden Quadrilateral project. As can be expected of an honest officer Satyendra did not bend in front of the vice of the system and was actively fighting against corruption.
57640 Total
e-Signatures

26. Service Delivery Model
USER SERVICE PROVIDER
E-Government
E- debates
E-ballots
E-procurement of services
E-administration: taxes, parking tickets, licenses

27. Selective - Service Model
Online form processing, individual-identity/ authentication-based transactions (initiated by thematic government offices)
Citizen A
Applying for selected government products. Eg: driving license (Transport Ministry), Land registration certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry)
Payment for goverment services. Eg: taxes, license fees, custom duties
Online voting
Online purchase of government reports
Filing of grievance and queries
Service X
Govt. Office X
Citizen B
Service Y
Govt. Office Y
Citizen C

28. Examples
Philippines: Online Marriage, Birth Certificates (City of Manila)
India: Lokvani Online Complaints (42 Kiosks, Sitapur)
India: Delhi Government Online Complaint Form complaints.mcdonline.gov.in

29. PHILIPPINES

30. Bhoomi Model, Land Registration, INDIA
All 20 million land records of 6.7 million land owners in 176 blocks of Karnataka has been computerised. And digital records and maps are now Legal Documents admissible for Bank Loans and Dispute Resolutions.

31. INDIA (Delhi): Online Complaint Form

32. One-Stop Citizen Portal Model
Unifying portal that offers full case handling, decision-making and delivery for diverse services
Service X
Govt. Office X
Citizen A
ONE – STOP PORTAL
Citizen-centred model as an entry point to all interactions with the government
Avenues for making online transactions, making payments for range of government services
Service X
Govt. Office X
Citizen B
Service X
Govt. Office X
Citizen C
Service X
Govt. Office X

33. Examples Singapore: eCitizen http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/
India: Andhra Pradesh State Government Portal
UK: DirectGov (Replaces UK Online)
Malta: Government Information and Services Online

34. SINGAPORE

35. Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

36. More than 1 reason for E-Government: Do we see any pattern?
Transformation vs. Efficiency?
USA: Part of market-oriented government reform process, to maintain
national competitiveness, realize in-depth democracy and enhance citizen satisfaction
UK : To enhance administrative efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness
Korea : Part of new growth engine after exponential economic growth
Australia: Reduce gaps between service standards between cities in the vast country
Singapore: Means to become the number-one country in the 21st century by taking advantage of its superior workforce and excellent economic environment
India : To open up government processes and enable greater public access to information
Malaysia: Transform government from bureaucracy to government for common people

37. Guidelines for weaving Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models What Developed Countries could learn from E-Governance Models in Developing Countries?
Who are our Target groups that we want to reach out to, through Internet?
What are the key information needs of the disadvantaged community?
What are the existing channels by which information reaches to the disadvantaged community?
What is the weakest link in the chain of information flows: from source to the disadvantaged communities?

38. Vikas Nath founder For more information:
A network of over 2800 individuals with National Networks in India, Ghana, Nigeria and Nepal.