1. Animal Classification, Phylogeny, and Organization (Systematics)
Chapter 7

2. There are between 1.5 and 2 million species or “kinds” of animals
And between 4 and 30 million more species to be discovered & classified

3. Classification: The ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of their relationships
Taxonomy: The science of naming organisms
Systematics: Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms

4. Karl von Linné (Carolus Linnaeus) (1707-1778)
Swedish Botanist that recognized that different species could be grouped into broader categories based on shared characteristics
Created binomial naming system
Modern classification system used today

5. Persian Cat
Shares characteristics with other domesticated cats (tabby, hairless)
Domesticated cats share characteristics with other types of cats (bobcat, puma)
Which share characteristics with dogs, bears, pigs
Mammals!

6. Hierarchical system of classification: Arranged organisms into an ascending series of groups based on relatedness. These major groups are called taxa.

7. DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM Taxonomic Hierarchy CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS
SPECIES
Kids playing chicken on freeway get smashed

9. Taxonomic Groups

10. Hierarchy of Relatedness
Each group contains animals having more in common with each other than with the members of any other equivalent category

11. DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER Broadest taxonomic category
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Broadest taxonomic category
Added recently
Not universally accepted

12. ALL eukaryotic organisms “True nucleus”
Domains
Eukaryota
ALL eukaryotic organisms “True nucleus”

13. Prokaryotic microorganisms
Domains
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic microorganisms
“true” bacteria

14. Domains
Archaea
Prokaryotic microbes that live in extreme environments.
(anaerobic)
Most primative life-forms known

15. DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS
Robert H. Whittaker – Distinguished kingdoms based on cellular organization and mode of nutrition. There are five……
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

16. Kingdoms of Life
Monera
Protist
Plant
Fungi
Animal

17. Kingdoms Monera All prokaryotes! Single celled Make or absorb food
-peptidoglycan
Make or absorb food
Bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

18. Kingdoms
Protista Eukaryotic single cells or colony of cells Protozoa, amoeba, paramecium

19. Kingdoms Fungi Eukaryotic multicellular cell wall non-motile
-chitin
non-motile
absorb food
Mold, yeast, fungi

20. Kingdoms Plantae Eukaryotic multicellular cell wall non-motile
-cellulose
non-motile
produce food
-photosynthetic
Higher plants, multicellular algae

21. Kingdoms
Animalia Eukaryotic multicellular lacks cell wall motile ingest food Vertebrates, Invertebrates

22. Animal Kingdom Subdivided into more than 30 phyla (pl)
Each phylum divided into classes
Each class into orders
Each order into families
Each family into genera (pl)
Each genus into species

23. A common pond crayfish is classified as:
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Order Decapoda
Family Cambaridae
Genus Procambarus
Species P. acutus
Every phylum must have at least one class, order, etc..

24. More specialized levels of taxonomy deal with further subdivisions such as superfamily or subfamily, suborder, or subspecies

25. No two animals have the same name Homo sapiens
Linnaeus’ system for naming species known as binomial nomenclature (two names) or “scientific name”
Universally accepted
No two animals have the same name
Homo sapiens
1st word: Name of genus (capitalized)
2nd word: Name of species (lower case)
Entire word italicized or underlined (Latin origin)
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens H. sapiens

26. The scientific name for a crayfish is Procambrus acutus

27. Animal Systematics
Goal: To arrange animals into groups that reflect evolutionary relationships.
There are 3 types of groups.

28. Monophyletic group: Groups with single ancestral species and its decendents.
Polyphyletic group: Members can be traced to separate ancestors.
Paraphyletic group: Some but not all members of a lineage.

29. Cladogram

30. Cladograms Taxa Characters Depicts a sequence in the origin
of derived characters.
Characters

32. Patterns of Animal Organization

33. Animal Symmetry How parts of an animal arrange around a point or axis
Asymmetry: Absence of a central point or axis around which body parts are equally distributed (protists, sponges)

34. Animal Symmetry How parts of an animal arrange around a point or axis
Radial: Divides into similar halves by more than two planes (sea anemone, jellyfish)

35. Animal Symmetry How parts of an animal arrange around a point or axis
Bilateral: Arrangement of body parts so that a single plane divides the animal into left & right mirror images
(vertebrates)
Cephalization: Formation of a distinct head

36. Bilateral Symmetry

37. Bilateral Symmetry
Anterior
Posterior
Head end
Tail end

38. Bilateral Symmetry
Dorsal
Ventral
Back of an animal
Belly of an animal

39. Bilateral Symmetry Medial Lateral Midline of the body
Sides of the body

40. Bilateral Symmetry Superior Inferior Above a point of reference
Below a point of reference

41. Bilateral Symmetry Distal Proximal
Far from the middle or point of attachment
Close to the middle or point of attachment

42. Radial Symmetry Aboral Oral End opposite the mouth
End containing mouth

43. Diploblastic Organization
Simplest tissue level organization
2 layers:
Ectoderm-outer layer, gives rise to epidermis.
Endoderm-gives rise to the tissue that lines the gut.

44. Triploblastic Organization
3 layers
Ectoderm-outer layer of body wall
Endoderm-lines the gut
Mesoderm-gives rises to supportive, contractile and blood cells.