1. Three Groups of Protists:
Animal-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists

2. Protist Diversity 200,000 species: different shapes, sizes, and colors
All eukaryotes – have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Not bacteria, animals, plants, fungi (the organism junk drawer)
Reproduce asexually or sexually

3. Protists are the most diverse of all eukaryotes.

4. Asexual reproduction
Binary
fission

5. Sexual reproduction
Conjucation

6. Animal-like Protists “Protozoa”6

7. Protozoans Unicellular –one cell
Heterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter
Classified by how they move

8. Phyla of Protozoans Phylum Zoomastigina “Zooflagellates”
(giardia)
Phylum Sarcodina“Sarcodines”
(amoeba)
Phylum Ciliophora “Ciliates”
(paramecium)
Phylum Sporozoa “Sporazoans”
(plasmodidium)

9. Sarcodines – move by extensions of their cytoplasm.
Ciliates – move by means of cilia.
Sporozoans – do not move on their own.

10. Amoebas: the blobs No cell wall
Move using pseudopods – plasma extensions
Engulf bits of food by flowing around and over them

11. Amoeba Moves using pseudopods- “false feet”- cytoplasmic projections
Found in freshwater
Moves using pseudopods- “false feet”- cytoplasmic projections

13. They also use pseudopods for feeding
Amoeba
Pseudopod
Paramecium
Food Vacuole
Pseudopod

14. More amoebas

15. Amoebic dysentery Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebas feed on intestinal lining, causing bloody diarrhea.
Contaminated food or water. 15

16. Flagellates: the motorboats
Use a whip-like extension called a flagella to move
Some cause diseases

17. Giardiasis – Giardia lamblia
Cramps, nausea, diarrhea,
and vomiting
Contaminated water
Leishmaniasis – Trypanosoma
Skin sores and deep, eroding lesions.
Bites from sand flies. 17

18. Trichomonas foetus : cow disease

19. Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

20. Ciliates: the hairy ones
Move beating tiny hairs called cilia

21. Paramecium- move using cilia (tiny hairlike projections)

22. Paramecium reproduction

26. Sporazoans: the parasite
Non-motile - Do not move
Live inside a host
One type causes malaria

27. Malaria in red blood cells

28. MALARIA – Plasmodium
Causes severe chills, fever, sweating, confusion, and great thirst.
Spread from person to person by the anopheles mosquito. 28

30. Plant-like Protists “Algae” The Unicellular30

31. Plant-Like Protists What is the cell membrane made of?
Lipids make it polar--> oxygen and co2 can readily pass through
Small molecules can pass through protein pores

32. What are Algae? Unicellular – made of one cell
Multicellular – made of more than one cell
Photosynthetic – make their own food
No roots, stems, or leaves
Each has chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments

33. Red algeal bloom
Brown Algea:
Giant Kelp Forest
Volvox: a green colonial algae

34. Phyla of Unicellular Algae
Phylum Euglenophyta (euglena)
Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)
Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates) 34

35. Euglenoids: Aquatic Move around like animals
Can ingest food from surroundings when light is not available

36. Euglena
Euglena contain: chloroplasts, a flagella, and an eyespot to sense where light is.
Unique because they are both heterotrophic and autotrophic.

39. Diatoms: The Golden Ones
Have shells made of silica (glass)
Photosynthetic pigment called carotenoids – give them a golden color

42. Dinoflagellates: The Spinning Ones
Spin around using two flagella
Responsible for Red Tides
Create toxins that can kill animals and sometimes people

43. Algal Blooms
High temps and increase in nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) lead to increased algae populations
Harmful to fish and humans (red tide)

47. Swimming with Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates

48. Plant-like Protists “Algae” The Multicellular48

49. Plant-like Protists
All are autotrophic-meaning they can make their own food
Examples:
Euglena
Algae

50. Phyla of Multicellular Algae
Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
Phylum Chlorohyta (Green Algae) 50

51. Red Algae: Seaweeds Multicellular, marine organisms
Have red and blue pigments

54. Brown Algae:
They have air bladders to help them float at the surface – where the light is.

57. Green Algae: Most live in fresh water
Can be unicellular or multicellular
Live alone or in groups called colonies

60. Green Algae: Unicellular – Chalamydomonas
Colonial Algae – spyrogyra, volvox
Multicelluar - Ulva 60

61. Conjugation of Spyrogyra61

62. The life cycle of Chlamydomonas

63. “cloning” – plants identical to each other
Isogamy = male and female gamete identical in size
Sexual reproduction- create variation

64. Fungus-like Protists

65. Fungus-Like Protists What is the cell membrane made of?
Lipids make it polar--> oxygen and co2 can readily pass through
Small molecules can pass through protein pores

66. Fungus-like Protists
All form delicate, netlike structures on the surface of their food source
Obtain energy by decomposing organic material

67. Phyla of Fungus-like Protists
Phylum Acrasiomycota - Cellular Slime Molds
Phylum Myxomycota - Plasmodium Slime Molds
Phylum Oomycota - Water Molds & Downy Mildews

68. Slime Molds
Live in cool moist, shady places where they grow on damp, organic matter

70. Plasmodium Slime Molds
Form plasmodium: a mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or membranes – its feeding stage
Creeps by amoeboid movement – 2.5 cm/hour

71. Plasmodium continued…
May reach more than a meter in diameter
Form reproductive structures when surroundings dry up
Spores are dispersed by the wind and grow into new plasmodium

74. Cellular Slime Molds
In feeding mode, they exist as individual amoebic cells
When food becomes scarce, they come together with thousands of their own kind to reproduce
May look like a plasmodium

75. Slime molds upclose
Water and Slime molds are not in the Kingdom Fungi because their cell walls are made up of cellulose not chitin.

76. Figure 27.32 A Cellular Slime Mold

78. The standard or beginning model
Figure Alternation of Generations
The standard or beginning model

82. Water Molds and Downy Mildews
Live in water or moist places
Feed on dead organisms or parasitize plants
Fuzzy white growths

83. Water molds: Water molds: Completely aquatic Often decomposers
Sometimes parasitic
Water mold attacking a fish