1. CH 9 CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE BYZANTIUM AND ORTHODOX EUROPE

6. “TWO ROMES” EAST AND WEST THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ALLOWS ROMAN IDEAS TO STAY ALIVE IT BECOME MORE GREEK THAN LATIN OVER TIME

8. BYZANTIUM WAS MORE THAN ‘PART’ OF ROME IT LATER SURPASSED ROME IN THE 4 TH CENTURY IT’S UNIQUE CULTURAL IDENTITY SPREAD GREATLY INFLUENCED RUSSIA

9. PROBLEMS,… INVASIONS BECAUSE OF IT’S SEPARATION, THEY SURVIVED THE NOMADIC INVASIONS THAT TORE WESTERN ROME APART EASTERN EMPERORS RULED FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO NORTH AFRICA

10. DEVELOPED A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT THAT EMPHASIZED BEAUROCRACY OVER MILITARY POWER THE CULTURE SHIFTED TO GREEK- AWAY FROM ROMAN IDEAS

11. JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA

12. EMPEROR JUSTINIAN MARRIED TO THEODORA, HIS PARTNER IN RULING TRIED TO REVIVE A UNIFIED ROMAN EMPIRE REBUILT CONSTANTINOPLE ALSO BUILT HAGIA SOPHIA

16. LAW- RESPONSIBLE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE- COLLECTION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE EMPIRE RECONQUERED LOST TERRITORIES IN ITALY AND NORTH AFRICA

17. HIS VICTORIES WERE SHORT LIVED- SOON FELL APART IN 540 A PANDEMIC STRUCK- THE PLAGUE THIS DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR FOR CENTURIES, DEVASTATING EUROPE

18. AFTER THE PLAGUE JUSTINIAN AND HIS WIFE SURVIVED, HE WITHDREW TO HIS PALACE THE DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR IN THE 14 TH CENTURY IN EUROPE

19. IT WAS RECORDED THAT FOR A WHILE UP TO 10,000 A DAY DIED THERE WERE SO MANY BODIES NO ONE COULD BURY THE DEAD TOTAL DEATH TOLL? ~100 MILLION * PANATI PAGES 222-226

20. AFTER JUSTINIAN MOSTLY TRIED TO HOLD ONTO THE EASTERN PARTS ISLAM WAS PRESSURING THEM AT EVERY TURN CONSTANTINOPLE WAS ATTACKED OVER AND OVER

21. CONSTANIOPLE UNDER SEIGE FOR MANY YEARS MUSLIM ARMIES TRIED TO TAKE THE CITY STRONG DEFENSES ALLOWED THE TO HOLD OUT THEY ALSO USED TECHNOLOGY- ‘GREEK FIRE’ FROM 700’S TILL 1453 THEY HELD OFF INVADERS

23. CONSTANT WAR LED TO HIGHER TAXES, WEAKENING SMALL FARMERS OTHERS ALSO FOUGHT BYZANTINE CONTROL- BULGARS BROKE AWAY THEY TOOK THE TITLE “TSAR”- CEASAR…CZAR…TSAR… BY 1014 THEY WERE DEFEATED

24. BYZANTINE POLITICS AND SOCIETY VERY ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT- SIMILAR TO CHINA EMPEROR WAS THE HEAD OF STATE AND OF THE CHURCH AS IN CHINA- LARGE BUREAUCRACY

25. ARISTOCRATS HAD MOST OF THE POWER, BUT THERE WAS ROOM TO ADVANCE IN SOCIETY GOVENORS WERE APPPOINTED FROM CONSTANIOPLE LOTS OF GOVT SPIES MILITARY SERVICE WAS HEREDITARY- FAIRLY SUCESSFUL

26. CONSTANTINOPLE THE CAPITAL WAS THE CENTER OF EVERYTHING, THIS MADE OTHER CITIES IN THE EMPIRE WEAK CONSTANTINOPLE REGULATED ALL TRADE, IF IT FALLS SO DOES TRADE

28. A TRADE HUB CONSTANTINOPLE LINKED ASIA, THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTHERN EUROPE IN A TRADING NETWORK LUXURY GOODS SOUGHT MERCHANTS GREW WEALTHY, BUT HAD LITTLE POWER

29. THE GREAT SPLIT- EAST/WEST

30. CHRISTANITY SPLITS BEFORE THIS THERE HAD BEEN ONLY ONE DOMINANT CHRISTIAN CHURCH AS THE EMPIRE GREW APART SO DID CHRISTIANITY

31. TWO GROUPS- CATHOLICS AND THE ORTHODOX CHURCH SEVERAL ISSUES DIVIDED THEM: THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE IN ROME DIFFERING RITUALS USED IN WORSHIP SERVICES THE USE OF RELIGIOUS ICONS

32. CHARLEMAGNE BEING CROWNED “ROMAN EMPEROR” WHETHER PRIESTS COULD MARRY THEY COULD NOT IN THE WEST, COULD IN THE EAST FINALLY THE POPE EXCOMMUNICATED THE EASTERN CHURCH- HE WAS IGNORED IN THE EAST

33. SOME SAY IT WAS THE REAL END OF THE “ROMAN” EMPIRE AFTER THIS EACH AREA THEY WOULD MOVE FATHER AND FARTHER APART IN IDEAS AND VALUES BOTH STILL RECOGNIZED THE OTHER AS FELLOW CHRISTIANS

34. THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AFTER THE SPLIT THE EMPIRE WENT INTO A LONG SLIDE MORE INVASIONS - THE SELJUK TURKS THIS LED TO THE CALL FOR HELP THAT BECAME THE CRUSADES

35. EVEN AFTER THE SPLIT, ROME STILL RECOGNIZD CONSTANTINOPLE AS A CHRISTIAN CITY THE DEFEAT AT MANZIKERT SPELLED DOOM FOR THE EMPIRE THE NEED FOR HELP SHIFTED POWER BACK TO THE WEST

36. THE CRUSADES THERE WERE MANY, MANY CRUSADES FIRST WAS THE MOST SUCESSFUL THE GOAL WAS TO LIBERATE THE HOLY LAND

37. THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS THE MOST SUCESSFUL CRUSADERS ARE SUPPOSED TO DEFEND CHRISTIANITY, RETAKE THE HOLY LAND 4 TH CRUSADE STOPS IN CONSTANINOPLE- WRECKS THE CITY, NEVER GETS ANY FARTHER

39. BYZANTINE EMPIRE BY 1400

40. THE FINAL FALL 1453 MEHMED II CAPTURES CONSTANTINOPLE BY 1461 THE EMPIRE IS UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL FOR GOOD

41. MEHMED II

42. CONSTANTINE XI THE LAST EMPEROR

44. THE FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ENDED CHRISTAIN DOMINANCE IN THE AREA THEY HAD MAINTAINED TRADE NETWORKS, AND CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN LEARNING NOW THE OTTOMANS WOULD BE SUPREME IN THE AREA

45. NOT THESE OTTOMANS…

46. THESE OTTOMANS

48. THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION TO EASTERN EUROPE MISSIONARIES BROUGHT THE NEW CHRISTAN FAITH TRADE BROUGHT IDEAS ABOUT SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT, INVENTIONS ETC…

49. THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET NAMED AFTER TWO MONKS, CYRIL AND METHODUS DONE SO THAT THEY COULD HELP PEOPLE READ THE BIBLE IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

51. CYRIL AND METHODIUS

54. THE BORDER AREAS WERE STILL UNDER LOOSE CONTROL BY LOCAL PRINCES JEWS WHO WERE FLEEING WESTERN EUROPE SETTLED IN MANY AREAS, BECAME ACTIVE IN LOCAL TRADE

55. KIEVAN RUS’ VIKING DESCENDANTS BEGAN TO TAKE CONTROL AROUND THE CITY OF KIEV THIS WAS A TRADE ROUTE VLADIMIR CONVERTED THE WHOLE COUNTRY TO CHRISTIANITY IT’S SAID HE CHOSE CHRISTIANITY AS IT HAD THE FEWEST RESTRICTIONS ON FOOD AND DRINKING

57. Grandson of Saint Olga. Christianity had made some progress in Kiev, but Vladimir remained pagan, had seven wives, established temples, and participated in idolatrous rites, possibly involving human sacrifice. Around 987, Byzantine Emperor Basil II (976-1025) sought military aid from Vladimir. The two reached a pact for aid that involved Basil's sister Anne in marriage, and Vladimir becoming a Christian. He was baptized and then ordered the Christian conversion of Kiev and Novgorod. VLADIMIR

58. THEY WERE ALSO SAID TO BE AWED BY THE SPLENDOR OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCHES ORTHODOX CHURCH LEADERS WERE BROUGH IN, BUT THE KING WAS THE HEAD OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH YAROSLAV CODIFIED RUSSIAN LAW

59. YAROSLAV THE WISE

60. THEY COPIED A LOT FROM BYZANTIUM. THEIR ART FOCUSED ON RELIGIOUS FIGURES, DOMES STRUCTURES ECHOED BYZANTIUM PEASANTS WERE MOSTLY FREE, UNDER LOCAL CONTROL. RUSSIAN ARISTOCRATS (BOYARS )HAD SOME POWERS, THE LOCAL PRINCES HAD THE REST- A BALANCE OF POWER

63. KIEVAN DECLINE SUCESSION DISPUTES CONFLICT WITH LOCAL PRINCES BYZANTIUMS FALL CUT OFF TRADE TIES INVASION FROM THE MONGOLS (TATARS)- ITS OK, THE MONGOLS TOOK OVER LOTS OF PLACES AT THIS TIME…

64. CATHEDRAL OF ST DIMITRI IN KIEV

65. THE MONGOLS FOR 200 YEARS CONTROLLED MUCH OF PRESENT DAY RUSSIA CONQUERED THEM IN THE WINTER- THE ONLY PEOPLE TO EVER DO THAT THIS CUT OFF THE NORTH-SOUTH TRADE AXIS, CUT THEM OFF CULTURALLY AS WELL HAD LITTLE IMPACT ON ORTHODOX RELIGION

66. GENGHISKHANGENGHISKHAN

69. THE LOCAL RULERS STILL EXISTED, JUST HAD TO BOW DOWN TO THE MONGOLS, PAY TAXES ETC… WHEN THE MONGOLS WERE KICKED OUT IN 15 TH CENTURY, THE LOCAL RULERS, (BOYARS) REEMERGED TO TAKE CONTROL

70. THE THIRD ROME RUSSIAN LEADERS REMEMBERED THE GLORIES OF CONSTANTINOPLE THEY FELT THE BURDEN OF CARRYING ON TRADITIONS HAD FALLEN TO RUSSIA THEY CALLED THEMSELVES – “ THE THIRD ROME”

71. THE END OF AN ERA EASTERN EUROPE FELL ON HARD TIMES FOR MANY YEARS WESTERN EUROPE DEVELOPED WITHOUT OUTSIDE INTERFERENCE UNLIKE ROME, OR CHINA, BYZANTINE INFLUENCE DISAPPEARED