1. Chapter 21 The Judeo-Christian Bible and Subsequent History

2. Evolution of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Greek Scriptures Evolution of Hebrew biblical canon  Completed by late first century CE  Influenced by rabbis at Jamnia Hebrew biblical canon ends at 1 Chronicles Christian New Testament begins at Matthew; ends at Revelation 2 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

3. Hebrew Bible (continued) Christians: their canon as fulfillment of Old Testament covenant promises New Testament reflects dominance of figure of Jesus Christ Place of Revelation in canon reflects impact of apocalypticism in early Christian thought 1 Clement, 2 Peter, and the delay of the Parousia 3 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

4. Constantine the Great Roman emperor 306-337 CE Issued Edict of Milan (313 CE) Decreed religious toleration for Christians Hailed by some Christians as realization of Christ’s sovereignty over the world 4 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

5. The Church and the Secular World Christianization of Roman Empire led to espousal of realized eschatology Renewed emphasis on individual, personal elements of eschatology Christianity continued to struggle with various challenges over the centuries 5 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

6. Shocks and Readjustments 6 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

7. The Rise of Islam Founded by Muhammad in seventh century Incorporates traditions from Judaism and Christianity Muhammad the last and greatest prophet of Allah, the only God Allah demands Islam (“submission”) from all Aggressive spread of Islam into previously Christian areas of Europe and Asia in Middle Ages 7 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

8. The Split Between the Western and Eastern Churches Dispute over papal authority caused schism between papacy at Rome and patriarchate of Constantinople 1054 CE: final split between Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church Recent attempts at reconciliation 8 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

9. The Protestant Reformation Spurred by Martin Luther’s criticisms of Roman Catholicism in sixteenth-century Europe Championed primacy of Scripture over church tradition as basis of Christian teaching Resulted in rapidly proliferating Christian denominations 9 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

10. Exploration and the Scientific Revolution Challenges to conventional belief have included  Discoveries of hitherto unknown continents and civilizations  Scientific challenge to and overthrowing of the geocentric view of the universe  Great advances in biology and geology 10 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

11. Exploration and the Scientific Revolution (continued) Many theologians have responded by looking at the scriptures as more metaphorical than literal 11 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

12. The Ongoing Debate Different religious groups have responded in different ways to science’s revolutionary claims The multiplicity of contemporary Christian denominations reflects the rich variety of thought embodied in early Christian life and literature 12 © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

13. Summary Rapid growth of Christianity during and after Constantine I Challenges to Christianity by Islam, internal schisms Challenges to Christianity by modern science © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 13