1. Chapter 9: Section 3
The Crusades

2. Series of wars beginning in 1096 and lasting for about 200 years.
The Crusades
Series of wars beginning in 1096 and lasting for about 200 years.
Muslims and Christians fought for control over the Middle East – the Holy Land.

3. Alexius I (Byzantine Empire) asks Pope Urban II to help get rid of the Turks (Muslim).

4. Council of Clermont (1095)
“From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report. An accursed race…has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.”
“Both knights and footmen, both rich and poor….must strive to help expel the Turks from our Christian lands before it is too late…Christ commands it. Remission of sins will be granted…”

5. “GOD WILLS IT!” Why did the Pope want the Crusades?
- increase his power
- hoped Christians would fight Muslims not each other
- Knights want to win wealth and land
- Knights want adventure

6. Christians win Jerusalem.
Christians massacre Muslims and Jews in the area.

8. Second Crusade
Christians lose Jerusalem to Muslims.
- Muslim military leader SALADIN
Third Crusade
Christians fail to regain Jerusalem
Saladin allows Christians to visit Jerusalem.

9. Fourth Crusade Crusaders sack Constantinople – looting and pillaging
Meanwhile, Muslims take over Jerusalem and massacre the Christians

10. IMPACT OF CRUSADES
Hatred between Catholics, Muslims and Orthodox Christians
Trade increases and expands (Europeans love Middle Eastern products)
Serfdom slowly disappears ($ is key!)
Monarchs more powerful
Pope’s power is high at first, but loses quickly

11. RECONQUISTA Spain’s attempt to “reconquer” Spain for the Catholics
Ferdinand and Isabella rule Spain
Huge supporters of Catholic Church
INQUISTION – church court that accuses people of heresy
JEWS and MUSLIMS left Spain, converted or were killed.
150,000 people left Spain – ruins economy and culture

12. Learning and Culture Flourish
Section 4
Learning and Culture Flourish

13. Medieval Universities
Cathedral schools  first universities
Better educated clergy
Women and Universities
Not allowed to attend university
Limits types of jobs and skills acquired
Christine de Pizan –
earned $ through writing  very unusual

14. “New Learning”
Muslim manuscripts that were translated into Latin are coming to Europe
Philosophy –
Christians believe on faith; Church is final authority
Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica = faith and reason live in harmony
Very little scientific advances; all knowledge must fit with Church teaching

15. Medieval Literature
Vernacular – everyday language of common people (begins to be the way people write)
Epics - long narrative poems
Dante’s Divine Comedy –
Hell, purgatory and heaven
Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
- follows pilgrims to Thomas Becket’s tomb; many characters who tell a story each

16. Architecture and Art Romanesque Style Roman like structure
Long barrel like roof
Thick walls to support heavy roof
No windows
Dark and gloomy

17. Gothic Style
Flying buttresses (stone supports outside church)
High walls (carries eye towards heavens)
Pointed arches
Huge stained glass windows
People began to build many –
gave inspiration

18. Art in Stone & Glass
-Carved sculptures portrays scenes from Bible and everyday life
- Rose window (circle stained glass window in front fascade)
-Stained-glass windows
Religious education for the illiterate

19. Illuminated manuscripts
Gothic style applied to painting and illumination (artistic decoration of books)
Contains designs and paintings of biblical scenes and daily life
- Bold and brilliant colors; detail

20. Section 5: A Time of Crisis

21. BLACK DEATH Bubonic Plague - disease spread by flees on rats
Hit port cities first
Kills about 1/3 of the people in Europe

23. Effects of Black Death Workers die  production decreases
Less products = more demand = higher prices
 Inflation – rising prices
People can’t afford to farm or buy products

24. Upheaval in the Church - 2-3 popes at a time
- schism – split in the church
Council at Constance (1417)
Chose one Pope for Rome
Heretics John Wycliffe -Bible not Church is the official authority. - Jan Hus (follower) executed

25. Hundred Years’ War English v. French Fight over claim to land
Causes
Fight over claim to land
Economic rivalry
Growing national pride
English v.
French
English have longbows; French have crossbows
French have Joan of Arc (leads the French against England)
French have cannon
Impact
Growing national feeling in France
French Kings expand power
English leaders need Parliament ($$$)
English begin to travel overseas.
Cannon changes fighting (no need for castle or knights)

26. English
longbow
French Crossbow