1. Bridges & Forces

2. How Forces Affect Different Types of Bridges

3. Forces on a Beam Bridge Simplest design (girder bridge)
Compression on top of the beam
Tension on bottom of beam
Middle part not much of either forces

4. Tension & Compression
If add enough weight the top surface of the beam would buckle
The bottom would snap
Add truss lattice to dissipate the tension and compression
The force spreads through the truss

5. Forces on an Arch Bridge
The arches allow the forces to Dissipate or transfer (Transferring force- the spread out evenly over a greater area)
Design allows to move stress from an area of weakness to an area of strength
Arch bridges are able to span greater distances than beam or suspension

6. Forces on an Arch Bridge
Tension and compression are present in all bridges
Buckling occurs when compression overcomes an object’s ability to endure that force
Snapping is what happens when tension surpasses an objects ability to handle the lengthening force

7. Forces on a Truss Bridge
A truss bridge is a beam bridge with a triangular structure either above the bridge called Through Truss or below the bridge called Deck Truss
Compression affects the top of the beam
Tension affects the bottom of the beam
A truss structure has the ability to dissipate a load through the truss triangle’s rigid structure
Transfers the load from one point to wider area

9. Forces on a Suspension Bridge
In a suspension bridge, the roadway is suspended by cables from two tall towers
The towers support the majority of the weight as compression pushes down on the suspension bridge’s deck and then travels up the cables
Transfer compression to the towers

10. Forces on a Suspension Bridge
The towers then dissipate the compression directly into the Earth
The supporting cables receive the bridge’s tension forces

11. Forces on a Suspension Bridge
The cables run horizontally between the two flung anchorages
Anchorages are solid rock or massive concrete blocks in which the bridge is grounded

12. Tensional force passes to the anchorages and into the ground
Have a deck truss beneath the bridge which helps to stiffen the deck and reduce the tendency of the roadway to sway and ripple
Span 2,000-7,000ft (610-2,134m)
anchorage 

13. Forces on a Cable Stayed Bridge
Cables attached from different points to a single point on the tower
Basic design in 16th century
Europe- after WWII

14. Forces on a Cable Stayed Bridge
Span– 500 – 2,800ft ( m)
Lower cost than suspension bridge
Less steel cable, faster to build, more precast concrete sections

15. Forces on a Cable Stayed Bridge
Don’t require anchorages nor do they need two towers
The cables run from the roadway up to a single tower that alone bears the weight
It absorbs and deals with compressional forces

16. Torsion Especially in suspension bridges
Torsion occurs when strong winds cause the suspended roadway to rotate and twist like a rolling wave
Washington’s Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster 1940
Arch and truss bridges are protected from this force
Torsion

17. Torsion
Suspension bridge engineers use deck truss to protect the bridge from torsion
In long spans use aerodynamic truss structures and diagonal suspender cables to mitigate the effects of torsion

18. Shear & Resonance
Shear stress occurs when two fastened structures (or two parts of a single structure) are forced in opposite directions
If unchecked can rip the bridge materials in half

19. Shear & Resonance
Resonance is the vibration as in a snowball rolling down a hill and becoming an avalanche
Begins small and grows big
A stimulus in harmony of natural vibration of bridge
Vibration can increase in the form of waves

20. Shear & Resonance Example- Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington, 1940
Like singer shattering a glass
Engineers create dampeners in the design to interrupt the waves
Create sections overlapping which change the frequency of the waves and prevents waves from building up

21. Tacoma Narrows Bridge Galloping Girder