1. 1 UBSUP Sensitisation Workshop Prepared by the UBSUP Technical Team TECHNICAL OPTIONS UBSUP Toilets & Treatment Options

2. 2 Presentation outline 1.Sector Obligation, Standards and service level 2.Stakeholders & target groups 3.Factors to consider in technical option selection 4.Sanitation value chain 5.Technical options: Dry systems Wet systems Decentralised waste water treatment systems 6.Service Delivery

3. 3 Water Sector Sanitation concept and implementation plan (2009) Sanitation and human rights: Obligation & criteria National Environment Sanitation and Hygiene Policy (2007) Hygiene and disease prevention Protection of environment Appropriate technologies UBSUP programme Approved scope Baseline study Pilot experience Menu of options Feedback (Customer-Aided Design) & user needs County Sanitation Laws and Building Codes Standard designs Approvals Sector obligations, standards and service levels

4. 4 Stakeholders and target groups National level: Various ministries (MEWNR, MOH, MOE) Sector institutes (WASREB, WSTF, WRMA) National institutes (NEMA,..) Research and Training institute (KeWI, Universities) County level: Relevant County offices Water Service Providers (WSPs) Public Health Authority NGOs/FBOs/CBOs Private sector (e.g. artisans, manual emptiers exhausters, etc.) Households, tenants & landlords

5. 5 Factors to consider in technology selection Availability of Water Hydrogeological formations – ground & soil formation, water table Land availability Site and structure (once built) accessibility User preferences: E.g. no. of users per toilet - gender and special needs (PWDs, elderly, women etc.) - cultural and religious considerations Cost of the toilet (facility) County by-laws and approved building codes Existing building and construction standards Excreta disposal Sanitation Value Chain Others….

6. 6 The Sanitation Value Chain  Having access to adequate sanitation means having access to an improved toilet…..but also having access to sustainable toilet emptying & transport services and to sustainable treatment (and re-use)  If a single component of the value chain is missing residents lack full access to sanitation!!

7. 7 Technical options Dry toilets Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT); Water based toilets Pour flush toilet Cistern flush toilet VIP latrines are not promoted under UBSUP However: UBSUP will deal with sludge coming from existing VIPs Dry toilet vaults Drying bed Decentralised Treatment Facilities (DTFs)

8. 8 Water-based toilet systems User Interface Cistern /pour flush: sitting or squatting; Superstructure: earth bricks, quarry stones, concrete blocks, PVC panels, etc. Roofing: Iron sheets

9. 9 Pros + Water seals effectively prevents odours + The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives + Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers) + Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water Cons - Requires a constant source of water - High capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water - Cannot be built and/or repaired locally with available materials - Requires some education to be used correctly ___________________________________________________________ Source: Bibliographic reference: Tilley, Elizabeth et al, 2008. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Dübendorf, Switzerland Pros and Cons of water-based toilets

10. 10 Dry toilets Superstructure and vault sub-structure:  Materials Prefab concrete panels, earth bricks, quarry stones or concrete blocks, Mabati or PVC panels Also with light steel or PPR-frame  Double vault Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) Soakpits Above ground and underground vaults  User interface Sitting or squatting Stairs or access ramp User manual and sensitisation

11. 11 Pros + Does not require a constant source of water + No real problems with odours and vectors (flies) if used & maintained correctly (i.e. kept dry) + Can be built and repaired with locally available materials + Low capital and operation costs + Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, washers, wipers) Cons - Requires education and acceptance to be used correctly - Is prone to clogging with faeces and misuse Pros and Cons of dry toilets ___________________________________________________________ Source: Bibliographic reference: Tilley, Elizabeth et al, 2008. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Dübendorf, Switzerland

12. 12 Sludge management Vault/septic/conservancy tanks Collection/transportation: Emptiers/exhausters DTFs & drying beds Re-use Landfill/burial/treatment works

13. 13 A 124 cum bio-digester under construction treats sludge from septic tanks, VIPs and improved toilets A 5 cum Anaerobic Baffled Reactor treats effluent from the bio-digester Decentralised Waste Water Treatment systems (DEWATS)

14. 14 Service delivery  Management & operation of treatment facilities WSP (lease agreement possible), under regulation Assets owned by WSP on behalf of counties Assets owned by Counties/County Plans  Exhauster operators WSP, under regulation Private operators, under regulation Reduce required permits More sludge disposal points  Manual/mechanical emptiers Provide services, under regulation Will be trained Should use proper equipment Proper sludge disposal  Private sector (artisans/small entrepreneurs) Provide construction and maintenance services Manufacturing and selling sanitation ware Sludge marketing

15. 15 Service delivery SaniGo is the dry sludge transportation cart that was developed for the SafiSan “Sanitation Teams” (toilet emptiers) SaniGo carts: Are used for UDDT emptying, bio-solids transport and delivery Are multi-purpose carts that can also be used to collect solid waste Can be pushed (short distances) and drawn (longer distances) Are easy to manoeuvre within a yard next to the SafiSan toilet Can easily be kept clean Are used to carry emptying equipment Can be drawn by a single person or by a donkey, but can also be attached to a bicycle or motorcycle Have an attractive design and can be branded Will help to raise the profile of the “Sanitation Teams” See the technical drawings (in PDF)

16. 16 Do you have any questions? Please ask!