1. The Protestant Reformation
1517 and After

2. The Three Branches of Christianity
One Church – The Five Patriarchs
1054 The Great Schism – Filioque, St. Peter, Greek/Latin
The 3 Main Branches
Eastern (Greek) Orthodox, since 33 AD
Roman Catholic, since 33 AD
Protestant, since 1517

4. Indulgences Sin Temporal versus eternal punishment Penance
Abuse of indulgences
Leo X and St. Peter’s Basilica
Sixtus IV – indulgences for the dead
Tetzel -  "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs"

5. Pre-reformers
Jan Hus – Bohemian, protested indulgences, immorality in clergy, burned at stake
John Wycliffe – translator of Bible into English

6. Martin Luther, 1517 German monk Best friend Philip Melancthon
95 Theses in Wittenburg
Remained Roman Catholic
Gutenburg’s printing press

7. John Calvin Moved to Geneva from France Very anti-Papal authority
Set up own non-Roman Catholic community in Geneva – 1535
Completely changed worship style
No mass, no monasteries, no longer Catholic, no singing except Psalms

8. The Counter Reformation
Oratory of Divine Love
1545 – Council of Trent called by Pope Paul III
Monastic reforms, stricter rules
Established Jesuits – militant missionaries (Ignatius Loyola)
Inquisition – weed out heresies
List of heretical texts

9. Ignatius Loyola Basque knight, mystical experiences
Became monk, traveled to Jerusalem
Returned during Counter-Reformation
Wrote Spiritual Exercises
Highly intellectual and ascetic
Founded Jesuits – active missionaries, absolute obedience to Pope

10. Political Map of Europe during Reformation

11. Political dimensions
German-speaking lands in HRE were the first battleground
Northern Europe and Scandinavia turned Lutheran
Southern, Central and Western Europe remained mainly Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox did not experience a reformation
HRE Charles V versus the Schmalkaldic League
1555 – Peace of Augsburg
Only protected Lutherans, not Anabaptists or Calvinists