1. Today Climate and biotic regions  Mid-latitude dry climates  Sub-tropical & Mid-latitude Humid climates  Mid-to higher latitude cool/cold climates Global Environmental Concerns  Climate Change  Global water  Agriculture & food supply  Species diversity & deforestation

2. Last time – questions? Population movements (migration) Urbanization Physical Environmental Principles  Landforms  Climate Climate and biotic regions  Low latitude warm and wet

3. Climate and biotic regions II mid-latitude dry Arid & semi ‑ arid (steppe; desert) Arid & semi ‑ arid  Köppen : Bs and Bw (about 20 - 30 degrees n and s) Köppen : Bs and Bw  Desert to Semi-arid grass lands Desert to Semi-arid grass lands Mediterranean: Mediterranean  Köppen Cs Köppen Cs  Mediterranean ‘scrub’ vegetation Mediterranean ‘scrub’ vegetation

4. “BS & BW” (arid & semi-arid) “Cs” (Mediterranean)

6. “BS & BW” arid & semi-arid “Cs” (Mediterranean)

8. © T. M. Whitmore Bs steppe (semi-arid) climate

9. Mojave Desert, California http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/ biome_main.htm Thar Desert, India www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin /bio304/biomes/biomes.html

10. Grassland, North Dakota http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/ biome_main.htm Grassland, Inner Mongolia http://people.ucsc.edu/~wxcheng/I nner_Mongolia.htm Also known as steppe, prairie and plains.

11. © T. M. Whitmore Cs Mediterranean (winter rain) climate

12. Chaparral, California www.californiachaparral.com Fynbos, South Africa www.plantzafrica.com/ vegetation/fynbos.htm Examples of Mediterranean shrublands

13. Climate and biotic regions III Sub-tropical & mid-latitude humid climates Humid sub-tropical  Köppen Ca Köppen Ca  Mid-latitude forests Mid-latitude forests Marine west coast  Köppen Cb Köppen Cb  Mid-latitude rain forests Mid-latitude rain forests

14. “Ca” (humid sub-tropical) “Cb” (marine west coast) climates

16. “Ca” (humid sub-tropical) “Cb” (marine west coast)

18. © T. M. Whitmore Humid sub-tropical Köppen Ca

19. Temperate deciduous forest in the Smokies (left) and northeastern China (below). http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/ biome_main.htm

20. © T. M. Whitmore Cb Marine West coast

21. Temperate rainforest, British Columbia http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/ biomes/biome_main.htm Temperate rainforest, New Zealand http://www.kevingong.com

22. Climate and biotic regions IV Cool to cold climates Humid continental “D” climates Humid continental “D” climates  warm summers Köppen Da warm summers Köppen Da  cool summers Köppen Db  Tundra (cold summers) Dc  Forests Forests Polar & sub-artic: Köppen ET, EF Polar & sub-artic:  Tundra vegetation Tundra Mountain (highlands): Köppen H Mountain (highlands): Köppen H  Vegetation variable with elevation

23. “D” humid continental “E” polar climates “H” highlands climates

25. “D” humid continental “E” polar climates “H” highland climates

27. © T. M. Whitmore Temp Range: ~ 25º C Humid continental warm Köppen Da

28. © T. M. Whitmore Humid continental cool Köppen Db

29. Taiga, Yosemite NP http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/ biomes/biome_main.htm Taiga, Siberia www.micro.utexas.edu/ courses/levin/bio304/biomes /biomes.html

30. Tundra, Alaska http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/ biomes/biome_main.htm Paramo, Ecuadorian Andes http:// flora.huh.harvard.edu

31. The text identifies 4 pressing global issues Terrorism Water supply and quality Status of women Economic globalization & worker status

32. More Global Environmental Concerns Global Climate Change Global water supplies and quality Agriculture & food supply Species loss & deforestation

33. Global Climate Change See:  Atlas of Climate Change (K. Dow & T. Downing; U. of California Press, 2006) A plug for 2 distinguished friends of your prof  Inconvenient Truth (A. Gore) Increasing CO 2 and other “greenhouse” gasses Certain impacts (but the geography of many are not well known)

34. Global Climate Change: Causes Natural variations  Solar output variations (e.g., “Little Ice Age” in 1400s to the 1700s  Variations in earth’s orbit (Milankovitch cycles, ice ages)  Volcanic eruptions: work to reduce or increase warming Changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations concentrations  Fossil fuel use Fossil fuel use

35. Global Climate Change: Impacts Air and ocean temperatures increasing  Regional differences Regional differences Glacial melting Sea level rise Altered growing seasons Possibly increased storminess & uncertainty Changes in global hydrological cycleglobal hydrological cycle  Increases in precipitation in total Vast regional differences in impactsimpacts

37. Global Climate Change

41. 2005: The New Winner!

42. http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/

44. http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/environment/2005_warmest.html

45. http://maps.grida.no/

48. Global Climate change impacts on grain cropping (modeled for 2100) Red => reduced potential Green => enhanced potential

49. 2 (very different) scenarios of possible climate (rainfall) impacts by 2050

52. Global water Only 2.5% of all water is not salty; 2/3 of that is in polar ice Water available for human use is < 0.1% of total water & much of that is remoteremote 70% of fresh water is used for agriculture Increasing population and food needs => potential shortagesshortages Increasing quality problems

54. Water Stress

58. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

60. Food Supply Increasingly Relies on Irrigation

61. Agriculture & food supply Food production has doubled in past 30 yrs – but needs to do so AGAIN in next 30production  Total food for an adequate vegetarian diet is sufficient now – if equally distributed Gains decliningdeclining Productivity gains not equitable => Productivity gains not equitable Regional problems with nutrition Regional

63. Yields Are Up, But Growth is Slowing 0 1 2 3 4 5 Yield (metric tons/hectare) 196019651970197519801985199019952000 Wheat Yield Rice Yield Maize Yield

68. Despite Gains, Millions Go Hungry SS Africa S Asia

70. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

72. Loss of 53,000 mi 2 /yr of tropical forest last couple decades about = area of NC Many causes Multiple consequences Tropical Deforestation

74. Many temperate forests have been lost, but current deforestation and biodiversity loss are most rapid in the tropics.

76. Species Diversity & human impacts Biodiversity  Deforestation => species loss General human intervention => biosphere disruption disruption

77. Biodiversity: Plants Birds

78. Biodiversity hotspots. Places around the world where there is: 1) high species diversity; 2) high species endemism; 3) large impact from human activities (Myers et al., 2000).