1. Personal safety

2. 2 Personal Safety General precautions ► Read carefully the personal safety instructions which are available in TNS 01 Annex 7. ► The surveyor must be suitably dressed for the space to be inspected ► This includes shoes, gloves & hard hat. The shoes should not give rise to a spark. ► The surveyor should carry a suitable torch, depending on the space to be inspected, an explosion-proof torch may be required

3. 3 Personal Safety General precautions ► Watch for : Badly fixed, unsteady or unguarded scaffolding Timber of scaffolding in poor condition or overhanging Wooden hatch covers badly secured or missing Ladder rungs missing or in poor condition Decks, platforms etc., slippery or icy.

4. 4 Personal Safety General precautions ► Watch for : Deck openings open or unguarded Surveying below men working overhead or beneath loads being handled Surveys of tanks or compartments during ballasting or heavy lifting of cargoes Electric welding without proper eye protection

5. 5 Personal Safety ► Do not conduct surveys alone or when workers have departed ► Internal inspections, particular care when Inadequate lighting Slippery surfaces Open manholes in stringer plates Corroded handrails & ladders Doubt about ventilation and atmosphere General precautions

6. 6 Personal Safety General precautions ► Engulfment Hazards Loose, granular material stored in holds or tanks, such as grain, sand, coal, or similar material can engulf and suffocate a worker. The loose material can crust or bridge over and break under the weight of a worker

7. 7 Personal Safety General precautions ► The surveyor must observe the safety requirements of third parties (shipyard, terminal, owners, authority, etc.) ► Slightest dizziness or lack of balance is a warning & the surveyor should leave the compartment immediately Optimum oxygen level to be 20.8 to 21% Combustible gases less than 10% of the lower explosive limit. Toxins within acceptable limits Maximum hydrogen sulphide level 10ppm Maximum benzene level 10 ppm

8. 8 Personal Safety General precautions

9. 9 Personal Safety General precautions ► Flammable atmospheres Two things make an atmosphere flammable: the oxygen in the air and a flammable gas, vapor or dust in the proper mixture Different gases have different flammable ranges. If a source of ignition is introduced into a space containing a flammable atmosphere, an explosion will result An oxygen enriched atmosphere (above 22%) will cause flammable materials, such as clothing or hair, to burn violently when ignited.

10. 10 Personal Safety General precautions ► Spaces poor in oxygen include : Spaces that contain less than 20.8% Heavily corroded spaces : the corrosion process consumes O 2 Enclosed spaces partially filled with sea or fresh water experience a reduction in O 2 & the possible generation of toxic gases. Void spaces, M/E crankcases, edible oil tanks, etc.

11. 11 Personal Safety Confined spaces

12. 12 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Prior to enter a confined space, check : When opened & how long ventilated Ventilation arrangements and means of verifying atmosphere during the survey Whether surrounding compartments are full &, if so, with what Nature of last cargo, if applicable Condition of the compartment (ballast tk. Rust) On average, there are 200 deaths per year in the Marine Industry as a result of confined space entries

13. 13 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Ventilation arrangement

14. 14 Personal Safety Never trust your senses to determine if the air in a confined space is safe !!! You can not see or smell many toxic gases and vapors, nor can you determine the level of oxygen present. Confined spaces

15. 15 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Over 50% of workers who die in confined spaces are attempting to rescue other workers Rescuers must be trained in and follow established emergency procedures and use appropriate equipment and techniques (lifelines, respiratory protection, standby persons, etc) Steps for safe rescue should be included in all confined space entry procedures. Unplanned rescue, such as when someone instinctively rushes in to help a downed co-worker, can easily result in a double fatality, or even multiple fatalities if there are more than one "rescuer" Remember, an unplanned rescue will probably be your last

16. 16 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Prior to enter a confined space, check : Safety & communication arrangements External to the compartment being surveyed Internal, during the survey Review the entry certificate / permit When was it issued and its validity (incl. times) By whom & when next verification will be made Tankers - ISGOTT regulations to be observed International safety guide for oil tankers & terminals

17. 17 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Check the isolation of the compartment : IG lines blanked, valves closed & marked P/V lines blanked, valves closed & marked Cargo / ballast lines, at least 2 valves closed & marked Drainage / flushing of cargo pipe lines passing through the tank Adjacent compartments not filled with toxic material Heating coils shut off

18. 18 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Dangerous spaces Note - associated areas are considered as dangerous spaces Gas free certificate - safe for access Date / time of last verification - usually checked every 3 hours, assuming normal ventilation The certificate should be valid for the duration of the survey

19. 19 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Toxic spaces Spaces designed to contain toxic material Loading areas also included as dangerous spaces The space must not be entered if breathing apparatus is required Special equipment for testing for toxic substances - Draeger tubes Testing for oxygen

20. 20 Personal Safety Confined spaces ► Boilers Enter when both manholes have been opened After ventilation & cooling If other boilers are in service check that boiler is properly isolated on steam, water and smoke sides At least two valves between the boiler under survey and the boiler under steam

21. 21 Personal Safety Check-list for entering confined spaces ► A check-list is available in TNS 01 Annex 7. Do not enter a confined space until you have considered every item of the check-list, as well as any other item of concern, and have determined the space to be safe ► The check-list covers the following topics : Confirmation that you will be accompanied during entry Verification of testing equipment and qualification of testers Testing of the atmosphere for oxygen level, toxic or flammable gases Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere during survey Ventilation of the confined space Isolation of the confined space Use of adequate clothing and safety equipment Standby and rescue procedures Entry permit Remember, the final decision is yours. If you are not confident that the space is safe for entry, do not enter it.

22. 22 Personal Safety Rafting ► Boats or rafts may be used for the close up survey of ballast or cargo tanks under the following conditions: Heavy duty inflatable boats having residual buoyancy and stability The surface of the water in the tank to be calm The expected rise of water within the tank should not exceed 0.25 m Water level to be stationary or falling

23. 23 Personal Safety Rafting ► The tank must contain clean ballast with NO sheen ► All conditions for the entry of confined spaces should be observed ► At no time should the water level be allowed to be within 1 m from the deepest under deck web ► Common venting & IG systems to be blanked ► Safety meeting to be conducted prior to entry ► Additional requirements Lines of communication to be established Adequate safety lighting Raft tethered to the ladder Person on the ladder sighting the raft at all times All raft personnel with lifejackets Rescue equipment immediately available