1. 1 Substance Specific Chemicals OSHA Requirements

2. 2 Substance Specific There are OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for 470 chemicals, but only 28 have substance specific standards Most are carcinogens or present other serious health hazards Detailed requirements within each standard for compliance Permissible Exposure Limits

3. 3 List of Chemicals Asbestos Alpha-Napththylamine 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine Beta-Napthylamine 4-Aminodiphenyl Beta-Propiolactone 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene Vinyl chloride Lead Benzene Cotton dust Acrylonitrile Formaldehyde 4-Nitrobiphenyl

4. 4 List of Chemicals Methyl chloromethyl ether Bis-Chloromethyl ether Benzidine Ethyleneimine 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2-Acetylaminofluorene N-Nitrosodimethylamine Inorganic Arsenic Cadmium Coke oven emissions Ethylene oxide Methylenedianiline 1,2-Butadiene Methylene Chloride

5. 5 Substance Specific These standards typically specify: Action Level (usually one-half of the 8-hr PEL) Exposure monitoring Medical surveillance- may require specific tests Information and training Written compliance plans Respiratory protection/PPE Hygiene facilities and practices Establishment of regulated areas

6. 6 Specific Chemicals Benzene  29 CFR 1910.1028 Inorganic Arsenic  29 CFR 1910.1018 Lead  29 CFR 1910.1025;  29 CFR 1926.62 Vinyl Chloride  29 CFR 1910.1017 Hydrogen Sulfide

7. 7 Benzene Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 1 ppm (8-hr Time Weighted Average (TWA); Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) = 5 ppm “skin” Action Level is below typical PID sensitivity Colorless liquid with sweet aromatic odor Poor warning properties: mean odor threshold is 34 ppm

8. 8 Flammable liquid Typically found combined with other petroleum hydrocarbons Air monitoring options include:  Benzene specific instruments such as the UltraRae Benzene PGM-7200  Detector tubes (e.g. Draeger)  Sample media for laboratory analysis Benzene

9. 9 Benzene Health Hazards Target organs:  Blood forming systems, bone marrow  Central nervous system  Eyes, skin, respiratory system

10. 10 Benzene Exposure Symptoms Acute exposure:  Breathless, irritable, giddy, headache, dizzy, nausea  Eye, nose, respiratory tract irritation  Convulsion/coma from severe exposure  Skin blistering Chronic exposure:  Leukemia  Aplastic anemia  Dermatitis

11. 11 Benzene Medical Exams Medical surveillance for:  > Action Level 30 days per year  > PEL 10 days per year  Emergency exposure If blood chemistry indicate benzene impacts  Referral for specialized exams  Extensive protocols for removal/job protection

12. 12 Inorganic Arsenic PEL = 10 µg/M 3 (0.01 mg/m 3 ) Action Level = 5 µg/M 3 (.005 mg/m 3 ) Properties vary by compound Most commonly found at former pesticide sites Arsenic air monitoring requires a sampling pump, media, and laboratory analysis. Total dust/respirator dust monitoring is useful after the ratio of arsenic to total dust is known.

13. 13 Target Organs  Skin  Respiratory system  Kidney, liver, GI tract  Central nervous system  Possible fetal effects Inorganic Arsenic

14. 14 Inorganic Arsenic Symptoms Acute exposure:  Poisoning by inhalation is rare Chronic exposure:  Dermatitis, ulcerations to skin/nasal septum  Weakness  Loss of appetite  Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea  Cancer (skin, lung, possibly liver)

15. 15 Lead Two lead substance-specific standards  General Industry – 29 CFR 1910.1025  Construction – 29 CFR 1926.62 URS often involved with construction version  Applies to remediation, verses investigation  Removal of lead-impacted soils  Lead-based paint work; demolition activities

16. 16 Lead OSHA PEL is 0.050 mg/M 3 (50 µg/M 3 ) as TWA Action Level is 0.030 mg/M 3 (30 µg/M 3 ) as TWA Air monitoring requires sampling pump, filter media, and laboratory analysis. XRF lead paint instruments provide real time measurement of lead content in paint, but not airborne concentrations.

17. 17 Lead Health Hazards Target Organs  GI tract  Central nervous system  Kidneys  Blood  Gingival tissue  Reproductive system Acute exposure:  Gastroenteritis Chronic exposure:  Anemia, constipation, abdominal pain  Peripheral nerve damage (wrist/ankle drop)  Colic  Gum lead line  Fetal neural impacts Lead accumulates in the body

18. 18 Lead Requirements One of the more stringent standards:  Blood lead determination prior to job; periodic  Mandatory minimum Level C PPE  Regulated work areas  Shower and change facilities  Exposure monitoring Some exceptions; check with your Regional HSE Manager

19. 19 Vinyl Chloride PEL = 1 ppm Action Level = 0.5 ppm Colorless liquid/gas with faint odor High vapor pressure/vapor density Extreme fire/explosive hazard Incompatible with oxidizers, copper, aluminum, iron, steel Typically found in landfill gases as a by-product of chlorinated solvent degradation Air monitoring requires sample pump, filter media, and laboratory analysis or detector tubes

20. 20 Vinyl Chloride Health Hazards Routes of entry  Respiratory  Ingestion – personal hygiene is very important Target Organs  Liver (carcinogen)  Central nervous system  Blood  Respiratory system  Lymphatic system  Possible reproductive system

21. 21 Vinyl Chloride Symptoms Acute Exposure  Frostbite on liquid contact  Low toxicity by inhalation Chronic Exposure:  Sluggishness  Abdominal pain  Gastrointestinal bleeding  Enlarged liver  Pallor or blueness of extremities  Liver cancer

22. 22 Vinyl Chloride Medical Surveillance Any employee exposed >0.5 ppm Action Level will be provided the opportunity for exams/testing Provided at time of initial assignment, or upon beginning medical surveillance, or as a result of emergency exposure General physical exam/medical history with specific attention to:  Detecting enlargement/dysfunction of the liver, spleen or kidneys  Abnormalities in skin, connective tissues, or pulmonary system Written physician’s statement of findings, including opinion regarding use of PPE and respirators

23. 23 Hydrogen Sulfide OSHA PEL = 10 ppm; 20 ppm ceiling  California STEL = 15 ppm (15 minutes) Dense, low-lying gas High vapor pressure (>17 atm) Fire/explosion hazard Potential exposure sources include sewers, landfills, and petroleum refining, paper/pulp mills

24. 24 Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide gas: Smells like rotten eggs Most people can detect it at 0.008 ppm Odor is not a reliable indicator of hazard Sense of smell can become fatigued; increasing levels may no longer be detectable without instruments Air monitoring options include H 2 S specific monitors as part of most four-gas confined space monitoring units, and detection tubes

25. 25 H 2 S Health Hazards Acute Exposures:  Respiratory paralysis (chemical asphyxiate) leading to unconsciousness and death At lower concentrations:  Headache, dizziness, upset stomach  Eye effects at exposures slightly above PEL

26. 26 Hydrogen Sulfide Each person should have own H 2 S detector Wear it on belt, pants, or chest (never on hardhat) Detector must have audible alarm at 10 ppm  Dual audible/vibration alarm is preferred If alarm sounds, notify others and evacuate