1. Higher Processing of Visual Information Lecture I --- April 2, 2007 by Mu-ming Poo 1.Overview of the Mammalian Visual System 2.Retinotopic Maps and Cortical Magnification 3.Structure Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) 4.LGN Receptive Fields 5.Organization of Mammalian Visual Cortices 6.Structure of the Primary Visual Cortex

2. Part I. Overview of Visual Pathway

3. Projections of RGCs to the central nervous system 2. Mid-brain projections 3. Central projections LGN axons project to the primary visual cortex (striate cortex, V1) on the same side RGC axons project to pretectum, which controls pupillary reflex. RGC axons project to superior colliculus, which controls saccadic eye movement. 1. Optic nerve and optic chiasm Optic nerve consists of axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At the optic chiasm, RGC axons from nasal hemiretina cross and enter the contralateral hemisphere. RGC axons from temporal hemiretina enter the ipsilateral hemisphere.

4. In cortex, the area devoted to the foveal region of the retina is enlarged relative to the rest of the eye. Retinotopic map All structures in the geniculo-cortical system have retinotopic maps. Cortical magnification Every point on the map corresponds to a point on the retina. CortexVisual field Fovea: 1 cone => 1 RGC 1 RGC => 2-3 LGN cells 1 LGN cell => 1000 V1 cells 10 o periphery: 2 cone => 1 RGC 2 RGCs => 1 LGN cell 1 LGN cell => 100 V1 cells Visual field Cortex LGN

6. Koniocellular LGN layers – Inter- layers just ventral to each numbered layer - inputs from blue/yellow ganglion cells Structure of the primate LGN 1 2 3 4 5 6 Magnocellular LGN layers - Layers 1 & 2 - inputs from M-type ganglion cells; Parvocellular LGN layers - Layers 3,4,5,6 - inputs from P-type ganglion cells; Each LGN has 6 layers labeled 1 thru 6 from ventromedial to dorsolateral. 50  m

7. Layers 1,3,6 receive contralateral input and Layers 2,3,5 receive ipsilateral input. Each LGN serves the contralateral visual field. The retinotopic maps from two eyes are in register across the layers. (Axons from RGCs responding to the same visual field innervate LGN cells that are aligned vertically across the layers)

8. Properties of P, M, and K cells

9. Only 70% are feedback inputs, mostly from V1. Cortical Feedback to LGN: The corticogeniculate pathway The corticogeniculate axons terminate in all LGN layers in two main patterns (Ichida & Casagrande, 2002) (1) in individual M or P LGN layers. (2) Terminate in pairs of M, P, or K layers. Common functional patterns of corticogeniculate connectivity (Sillito et al, Science 1999): Feedback to LGN cells along the preferred orientation, enhancing the buildup of orientation selectivity within the geniculo-cortical circuit. Feedback to LGN cells along the axis of stimulus movement, enhancing responsiveness in anticipation of stimulus movement.

10. Receptive Fields of RGCs Leaving the retina Color opponency ON-OFF Center-surround receptive field M cellsP cellsB/Y (K) cells

11. Each LGN neuron receives input from only a few ganglion cells. The receptive fields of LGN neurons are concentric with a far stronger surround antagonism than that in RGCs, suggesting the LGN is not a simple relay station. (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962) 3. LGN receptive fields

12. Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic maps of cerebral cortex Side view of left hemisphere Inside view of right hemisphere from the midline

13. The organization of mammalian visual cortices human monkey

14. V1 has six layers Anatomy of the primary visual cortex (V1, striate cortex) Layer 1 is nearly aneuronal, composed predominantly of dendritic and axonal connections. Layers 2/3 contain excitatory neurons which project to extrastriate cortical regions Layer 4 is divided into 4A, 4B, 4Ca, and 4Cb. Layers 4Ca and 4Cb are the major recipients of LGN projections. Layers 5/6 contain excitatory projection neurons which provide feedback to LGN. Blobs --Cytochrome oxidase (CO) labeling of V1 shows CO rich regions in layer II & III termed "blobs" Layer 3

15. Cortical cell types Excitatory cells: Spiny pyramidal & stellate cells Inhibitory cells: >40 types Most LGN cells terminate in layer 4, M in 4Ca, P mostly in 4Cb. K cells and some P cells terminate in blobs in layers 2 & 3. Inputs from LGN Collaterals (branches) of M & P terminate in 6. Layers II, III & IVB - feedward to extrastriate cortical areas Layer V - feedback to pons and superior colliculus Layer VI - feedback to LGN Output from V1